Lack Of Eating Disorder History - 2018 Words

Lack of eating disorder history The purpose of this study (Vaughan Fotus, 2003) was to assess the relationship between girl’s media exposure and their development of eating disorder symptomatology. This study consisted of two phases conducted within a gap of 16 months. The original number of recruits were 479 female students from nine elementary and middle schools but due to certain factors such as relocation and incomplete data only 374 students with a mean age of 12 participated in this exam. They were of European (88%) and Asian (12%) ancestry with no known eating disorder. Researchers informed the student and parents about what the study entailed such as the phase 1 questionnaire and the phase 2 follow-up questionnaire after 16 months. Both the students and the parents provided consent voluntarily for the research. The same questionnaire was administered to the participants during both phases. It wasn’t indicated whether the test was standardized or not. It included questions regarding demographics and physical development. Television exposure to thin models was assessed by getting the girls to have a detailed record of the amount of hours they watch TV while magazine exposure was assessed by using a 3-point Likert scale (rarely/never, sometimes, always/almost always) on a list of 22 popular magazines to determine how often they read it. The total frequency of the magazine exposure was gotten from the ratings of the 22 magazines. The Children s Eating Attitude TestShow MoreRelated The Cause of Eating Disorders Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesThe Cause of Eating Disorders Although the causes are many and varied, we know that people with eating disorders often use food and the control of food in an attempt to compensate for feelings and emotions that may otherwise seem overwhelming. For some, dieting, bingeing and purging may begin as a way to cope with painful emotions and a way to feel in control of ones life, but ultimately, these behaviors will damage a persons physical and emotional health, self-esteem and sense of competenceRead MoreEating Disorders Among Female Athletes958 Words   |  4 PagesEating Disorders Among Collegiate Female Student-Athletes Eating disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia) are not rare in today’s society. They have become increasingly common among young women. Research indicates that there is a link between the media’s representation of â€Å"the perfect body† as well as ideals of attractiveness with dissatisfaction of body image and eating disorders (Ferguson, Munoz, Garza, Galindo, 2013). In this current literature review, I will focus on the impact of eatingRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Image1453 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of eating disorders. Eating Disorders. The three most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. There is no single cause of body dissatisfaction or disordered eating. Though this is true, research shows that media does contribute to the increase in body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. â€Å"Anorexia means ‘lack of appetite’, but in the case of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa, it is a desire to be the, rather than a lack of appetiteRead MoreTaking a Look at Eating Disorders1708 Words   |  7 Pages EATING DISORDERS Introduction: Eating disorders are conditions characterized by abnormal eating habits that include excessive or insufficient food eating habits that hampers a person’s mental as well as physical health. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are the most common types. Others are binge eating disorder and eating disorder not otherwise specified. Classification: †¢ Anorexia nervosa (AN), †¢ Bulimia nervosa (BN), †¢ Eating disorders not otherwise specified †¢ Binge eating disorderRead MoreA Study On Eating Pathology Among Latinas Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesTHEORETICAL PROPOSITIONS There is a lack of studies that investigate the eating pathology among Latinas even though there is evidence that a binge eating component (i.e. binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa) is more prevalent among Latinas compared with other races. For those who are engaged in binge eating tend to have unrealistic high expectations for themselves, which often are difficult to achieve. When the individual, in this case a Latina, has fallen short of these high expectations,Read MoreThe Media And Body Image1453 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of eating disorders. Eating Disorders. The three most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. There is no single cause of body dissatisfaction or disordered eating. Though this is true, research shows that the media does contribute to the increase in body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. â€Å"Anorexia means ‘lack of appetite’, but in the case of the eating disorder anorexia nervosa, it is a desire to be the, rather than a lack of appetiteRead MoreEnvironmental Factors And Biological Factors That Predispose People Habits And Behaviors Of Eating Disorders1679 Words   |  7 PagesPredispose People to Habits and Behaviors of Eating Disorders Brittany N. Rehberg GCC Abstract There is a direct correlation between environmental factors and the development of eating disorders. Issues, such as bullying and skeptical comments, have been largely ignored. This thesis will attempt to show that biological as well as environmental issues correlate with a variety of eating disorders. Eating disorders would be Anorexia, Bulimia, and Binge Eating. When environmental and biological factorsRead MoreEating Disorders And The Body Image1573 Words   |  7 Pagesabnormal eating patterns in a contempt to conform and seek society s approval of their body image. An eating disorder is an ailment that causes severe imbalances to your diet habits that you use everyday, such as gluttonously overeating or not taking in a healthy amount of food. At first, a person with an eating disorder would eat a smaller or larger portion of food, but at some point, the drive to eat less or more becomes out of control. Researchers are finding that eating disorders are causedRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1235 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders Eating disorders are a very serious psychological condition that affects your mind so that you are more focused on your food and weight than you are on everything else. The most known and most commonly diagnosed eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder; however, these are not the only eating disorders. Eating disorders cause psychical and psychological problems, which at their worst can even become life threating. Statistics show that more women are affectedRead MoreEating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa1653 Words   |  7 PagesNervosa is one of several subtypes descending from feeding and eating disorders. It is a crippling life-threatening condition marked by a patient placing restriction on energy intake relative to needed energy requirements, resulting in a relentless pursuit of low body weight in the context of age, sex, development and physical health. According to American Psychiatric Publishing of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa, often times have an early-onset which

The Is The Most Ideal Solution For Combat Corruption And...

Constitutional reform would be the most ideal solution to combat corruption and to implement long term sustainable policy. However, successful public policy is typically achieved through a slow process of gradual change. The policy that would be the most successful and would help to create a more fair and equal political playground would be to reduce how much people and corporations could spend by linking public financing and spending limits. By creating clean elections one can help to equalize resources between the candidates by making sure all of the candidates have an equal amount of funds. In today’s system of public financing; if the public official takes the public funding they must not take any outside donations. Equal funding can create a more equal playing ground for candidates allowing for more competitive races. More competitive elections create higher voter turnout because it makes the voters feel as if their vote matters more and they are more informed on the is sues. There are many states that use public financing options for candidate and one can even see public financing on a federal level. However, the system we have in place now isn’t working. On a national level presidential candidates have the option to take public funds in both the primaries and the general election. But in the 2016 election the only democratic candidate to make use of these funds was Martin O’Malley. When O’Malley took those funds it was clear that, that would be the end of hisShow MoreRelatedEcon Final of Question and Answer Over Global Issues2713 Words   |  11 PagesCorruption is still a major issue around the world. It affects business practices; it can infect all forms of government and knows no economic distinction. Although, most of the time it is a national matter, it usually bears international consequences. Briefly please describe the four forms of corruption and give a global example to each form of corruption. 1.) Petty Corruption is a public and private agent agreeing on exchanging the access to the service for money, a gift, or the promise of aRead MoreA National Security Strategy for the Philippines7627 Words   |  31 PagesConstitution, and on to the 1987 Constitution – and all Presidential decrees and executive orders between them since. A new national security policy or strategy, therefore, must integrate the roles of the economic, social, cultural and political dimensions in a comprehensive effort. The National Security Strategy (NSS) 2010-2016 translates into specific terms the multi-dimensional provisions of the 1987 Constitution, as well as the vision for the nation as articulated by President Benigno Simeon CRead MoreA National Security Strategy for the Philippines7617 Words   |  31 PagesConstitution, and on to the 1987 Constitution – and all Presidential decrees and executive orders between them since. 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Fight Club Interpersonal Communication free essay sample

Interpersonal Communication in the film Fight Club â€Å"You’re the most interesting ‘single serving’ friend I have ever met. † These are some of the first words that initiated the close, yet unorthodox relationship between Jack and Tyler Durden in the movie Fight Club. The film follows the narrator (indirectly referred to as Jack) and the entire movie takes place from his perspective. This is an important factor when analyzing the relationship between him and Tyler, because we only see the events through Jack’s eyes. The relationship between these key characters is a reflection of Mark Knapp’s developmental model as shown in Adler Rodman (2012). (p. 205) In the film the audience can clearly see the three major stages, coming together, maintenance, and coming apart. I will show these stages and how they relate to the narrator’s development through the movie. The film begins with Jack, a businessman with a bad case of insomnia. His insomnia is a constant struggle for him throughout the movie, but it is not the focal point of his relationship with Tyler. The only cure to his insomnia is to join support groups for diseases and cancers he doesn’t have, but pretends to. By interacting with the people in these groups, he finds his catharsis through the guided meditation and the caring atmosphere. Then he meets Tyler Durden, where the audience witnesses the â€Å"coming together† stages between these two characters. (Adler Rodman, 2012) Tyler Durden is a traveling soap salesman whom Jack meets on a business trip. In the narrative, Jack refers to the items in his travels as â€Å"single serving† such as, single serving meals, single serving soap, and shampoo in hotels. Hence at the end of his first conversation with Tyler, Jack calls him a â€Å"single serving friend†. Tyler’s response insight into their future relationship â€Å"You’re clever, how has ‘being clever’ been working out for you? † Jack is constantly hiding behind his support groups and his clever attitude and Tyler isn’t afraid to expose Jack. This initiates the relationship between the two characters, Tyler sees Jack as a soul searching for enlightenment, where Jack sees Tyler as someone who it everything he isn’t. Due to unfortunate circumstances, Jacks apartment is destroyed, Jack finds himself in a bar with Tyler. Jack called this â€Å"single serving friend† because he had nobody else to go to. In the bar Jack and Tyler make small talk about the finer points of human existence. Jack’s life was wrapped up in his apartment, he had all of the material possessions he had ever desired, and he felt he was nearly complete. Tyler expresses to Jack to never be complete, stop being perfect, and let the chips fall where they may. He says â€Å"The things that you own end up owning you†. This theme resonates throughout the movie and is the cornerstone of the relationship between Jack and Tyler. At this point these two characters have experienced the experimenting stage, through this small talk Jack finds his twisted alter ego. Tyler is the embodiment of everything Jack is not, Tyler is spontaneous, enigmatic, confident and attractive. Jack feels like a drone going through life on autopilot. After leaving the bar Tyler makes an interesting proposition to Jack, he tells Jack to â€Å"Hit me as hard as you can†. Thus begins a chain of events that leads to the movies namesake, Tyler and Jack begin fighting each other, as well as including other random men into these fights. Tyler and Jack become the leaders of an underground ring of fight clubs. This first fight between these two characters creates an important bond. Neither of them had ever been in a fight before, they have never truly lived before. â€Å"How do you know if you’ve lived until you’ve been in a fight† Tyler says as he coaxes Jack. The relationship between Jack and Tyler is intensified through this fight, they experience a pure form of existence, and they both feel truly alive. The original purpose of meeting Tyler at the bar, was that Jack needed a place to stay until he could get a new apartment. Despite the original intent of having a temporary living arrangement, Jack doesn’t feel the need to leave Tyler’s house, despite the house’s level of disrepair. They integrate into each other’s lives, in this way they become very close friends not unlike brothers. They take the same night job, and they lie for each other when they have to explain each other’s wounds from fight club. After first meeting Tyler, and fighting at the fight club every Saturday night, Jack becomes cured of his insomnia. Through his experience of feeling more alive when he fights at fight club, Jack feels form of enlightenment. He integrates Tyler’s anti-materialistic philosophies into his own psyche; this leads him to have a false sense of a higher level of existence when compared to his fellow humans. Tyler sense’s Jacks false sense of enlightenment, and in order to pull Jack from his delusions he shows Jack what living really means. He takes Jacks hand, kisses it and pours lye (a key ingredient in making soap) onto the back of Jack hand. This initiates a painful chemical burn, from the saliva from the kiss and the lye, on Jacks hand and Jack rejects the pain. Jack uses the meditation techniques he learned in his support groups to shut out the pain. Tyler jerks him from his meditation telling Jack â€Å"This is the greatest moment of your life and you’re missing it! † Tyler desires for Jack to accept the pain, to acknowledge he his mortal and will die. The pain of the burning represents the pain of living, of being truly alive. Up until this point Jack was dead inside, his experiences in fight club made him feel alive, but it was only pre-enlightenment. â€Å"You don’t know how this feels! † Jack yells to Tyler. Tyler says nothing, he only shows Jack the back of his own hand and Jack sees a scar left from the same burn on Tyler. Jack finally accepts the pain and Tyler pours vinegar on the burn. Through this experience Jack and Tyler form an irreversible bond forged from mutual pain and the desire to truly live. This is the apex of their relationship in the film, and this is where Tyler and Jack start to grow apart. The chain of fight clubs that Jack and Tyler started gets turned into a cult, with Tyler as the leader. Tyler progressively begins to shut Jack out of the dealings in â€Å"Project Mayhem†, the cult/terrorist organization that sets up shop in Tyler’s house. This point in the relationship is where Tyler and Jack begin to grow apart just as in Knapp’s model Adler and Rodman (2009) (p. 207). At this differentiating and circumscribing stage Tyler turns his focus toward Project Mayhem, and largely ignores Jacks requests for inclusion in the organization. Due to Jack’s controlling nature Tyler reacts in an extreme way. He desire’s to break Jack of this nature, hence the avoidance. Tyler releases the steering wheel of a speeding car in which he and Jack are riding. At first Jack grabs hold of the wheel to prevent the possibility of a crash and possibly death. Tyler coerces Jack to â€Å"let go† not only of the steering wheel, but of Jacks fear of death, and desire to be in control. Despite his experience with the burning lye Jack is still holding on to the remnants of his old life, namely his sense of self-preservation. Jack eventually lets go of the steering wheel, and the car careens off the road. Tyler pulls Jack out of the burning wreckage, Jack has now realized that he has nothing to lose, and Tyler’s job is finished. In the morning after the crash Tyler is gone; this firmly establishes the avoidance stage between Tyler and Jack. Tyler is nowhere to be found and Jack literally searches the entire country looking for him. Jack finds Tyler, because Tyler is Jack. It’s at this point in the movie that we learn that both of these characters are one in the same, two different people living in one body. Jack created Tyler as a way to cope with the insomnia. Jack was never slept; when he was â€Å"sleeping† Tyler was living, leading the fight clubs and â€Å"Project Mayhem†. Tyler still exists, and he is tired of Jack dragging him down. â€Å"Hey, you created me. I didnt create some loser alter-ego to make myself feel better† Tyler says to Jack. Tyler wishes to move forward and Jack is only getting in the way. Tyler wants Jack gone, but Jack isn’t going to allow Tyler too â€Å"kill† him. Jack no longer cares about his own life, his motivation is now to protect the world from Tyler. Upon realizing that he has the ability destroy his creation, Jack literally kills his Tyler alter ego. Through extreme, the relationship between Tyler and Jack is terminated in this way. An unorthodox end to an unorthodox relationship. Despite Tyler Durden and Jack being the same person, this film gives a great example of the relationship of two different people. Tyler is a separate person than Jack and both characters are played by different actors, in order to make this clear to the audience. Their relationship follows the building stages clearly, but in the film the coming apart stages aren’t as well defined. It isn’t until the car crash that Tyler and Jack truly enter the coming apart stage and at that point the stagnating phase is skipped and Tyler clearly avoids Jack. The termination of their relationship is also very symbolic, because Jack ends up shooting himself in the face in order to kill Tyler. They share the same body, so this is the only way to kill Tyler. In Jacks mind he sees that Tyler has been shot through the head, but in reality Jack missed his own brain, and the bullet exited through the back of Jack’s jaw. It’s important to note that when Jack shot himself, it’s enough of a traumatic event that his mind imagines the bullet killing Tyler, while Jack physically misses so he doesn’t actually die. The symbolism here it that when a relationship between two real people is terminated, the â€Å"relationship self† is in essence killed while the â€Å"independent self† survives. Though two people may bump into each other later in life, they meet as two separate entities, not as the entity they were when they had a deep meaningful relationship. After Tyler’s death Jack is truly free of the person he used to be, his relationship with Tyler was integral in shaping his new state of being. In this way the movie is analogous of how other people, and our relationships with them, shape our own lives.

Strength and Weakness of IKEA-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss two Strength and two Weakness of IKEA in Singapore. Answer: Strength of IKEA The strength of the lies in the variety of products that are manufactured and designed by the company. The products of the company are famous among the customers and also the products that are introduced by the company are cost effective. Customers get value for money and also high ROI on the money they spend on the furniture. Ikea is one of the strong global brands which attract the consumer groups towards the products offered by the company. The company promises the same quality and range of well designed, functional products at low prices globally. The quality of the product that is offered by the company is the major strength of the company (UA little Rock, 2017). Weakness of IKEA IKEA requires good communication with its consumers and also with the stakeholders about the environmental activities. The size of the business creates difficulty for the company. There are various environmental concerns that are related to the operations of the company. IKEA goes through various challenges in communicating the policies to the customers and shareholders. With the motive of profit maximization, the company at times focuses on the cost leadership that gives adverse impact on the quality of the products that are offered by the company. By taking into consideration the recent scenario, it is seen that the company face difficulty to maintain the quality of the products in context with the enhancement of the cost (Pratap, 2016). References Pratap.A. (2016). IKEA SWOT Analysis. Viewed on 17th November 2017. https://www.cheshnotes.com/2016/09/ikea-swot-analysis-2016/. UA little Rock.(2017). Strength, weakness, opportunities and threats. Viewed on 17th November 2017. https://ualr.edu/about/home/strategicplan/chancellor/planning-environment/7-strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats /

Controversial Speech and Essay Topic Ideas

Your search is over. Topics on contentious issues that are controversial have always been of interest to all of us. Furthermore, the current educational system focuses more on debatable topics so that students can become aware of their societies and the stakes they are being held to. Â  Are you looking to give that great speech that will spark emotions in your audience? Alternatively, submit that essay that will evoke strong opinions among your readers and get their blood flowing? There is truly nothing like the feeling of expressing your views and defending your ground on the moral landscape against others opinions about issues in the world that need to be discussed. However, then there is so much to be discussed with so many problems arising every year, making it difficult to choose a topic. This brings us to the second part of this process, selection. Do You Know How to Select the Best Controversial Speech and Essay Topic? As we’ve established, there are so many possible topics to choose from. They may come from different areas such as education, religion, health, technology and research, discrimination, government, environment and many more. Each of these areas is rich with good topics to choose from that will ensure lively debates and expression of opinion. So how do you decide what to pursue? First, there are some things you need to pay attention to. The same way there are two sides to a coin, there are two sides to every issue. There will be those who support you and those who differ in opinion. The difference in opinion is what makes the topic what it is, a controversy. Here are a few tips to use when selecting good controversial speech topics, controversial essay topics, and debate topics too: Know your audience Some topics can be too aggressive such that they turn what should have been a civilized discussion into a verbal fight. You need to select a topic that is not outright offensive or unacceptable to the majority or else you might be put in a situation where you are alone in your views against the entire crowd. The relevance of the topic. Although most of the topics may already be relevant by the time you are at the college level in learning, some of them have little effect and will be given little thought because they do not pose a present immediate threat to the society. For example, a topic about workplace ageism that supports giving the elderly more jobs is a valid topic, but it may not be as appealing to college students as one on the use of contraceptives in our world today. Giving the audience something that is an immediate concern will work to your advantage because it will spark more opinions, more discussion, and hence a good topic. Your interests. Choose a topic according to your interests and passion, a topic you know something about. This will make the research phase easier, and it will give you confidence even in the presentation, you will be more convinced of your position on the matter. Your sources of information. The amount of information you have on a topic is very important here. The amount of research available builds the body of the speech or essay. The selected topic should have adequate information available to you so that you can support your claims and make them convincing. Know both sides. Since you will most probably have to encounter questions or conflicting statements on the chosen topic, you should make an effort to explore and understand both point of views and have enough to go on to engage your audience and make your case. Take a Look at This Sample List of Controversial Speech Topics We have randomly selected some topics from different areas that are designed to capture the reader’s interest, which will help you get an idea of how to create a topic from current issues. Higher education should only be available for achieving students. Nuclear power is a viable source of energy for the future. There is a glass ceiling for women. Availability of affordable HIV drug kits in drug stores. It should be legally made mandatory that adoptive parents should allow biological parents access to the children they gave birth to. Moral principles in the field of medicine. Is pleading mental illness a tactic of avoiding justice? The eradication of organized religious groups would benefit the entire world. Are vaccines beneficial or detrimental? Healthcare services should be free. Do we need medical experiments on humans? The benefits of genetically modified crops. The ethics behind combining human and animal DNA for stem cell research. Legalization of assisted suicide for suffering terminally ill patients. Implanted GPS systems threaten privacy. Are extraterrestrials real? The introduction of adult topics in TV programs and films designed for kids. Child spanking as a form of disciplinary action. Abolishment of the jury and giving the sole power of decision to the judge. Gender choice during child adoption. Educational institutions fail to teach students about life. Guns do not kill people. Humans do. Here is an Awesome List of Controversial Essay Topics to Select Also, if it is an essay you need, here are remarkable ideas to select from Ethics in medicine. Driving age for teens. Abusing the right to sue. Protection against medical malpractice. Gun laws and Gun control vs. Second amendment rights. Should it be legalized? Capital punishment. Animal testing. Genetic cloning Human Trafficking. Plastic surgery. Transgender rights. Minimum wage. Internet Content filtering. The necessity of sex education in school Climate change. Is it real? School uniforms. Drone strikes. Choose a Topic from This Detailed List of Controversial Debate Topics If your need is to produce a good and engaging debate, here is a sample of topics that may interest you: College Education. Is it worth it? Churches and Taxes. Cell Phone Radiation. Are phones safe? Born Gay? Is sexual orientation determined at birth? Fossil Fuels vs. Alternative Energy. Animal Testing. Is it cruelty? Illegal Immigration. Should it be legalized? Mass surveillance. Recreational Marijuana. Should it be legalized? Insanity defense. Chemical and biological warfare. Creation vs. evolution. Voting age? Should it be higher or lower? Electronic surveillance and the right to privacy. Corporate tax rate. American Civil Liberties Union. Need a Research Paper Topic? Here Is a List of Controversial Research Topics Finally, here is a list of topics of research that you may be interested in pursuing your research paper. Civil Rights. Affirmative Action. Freedom of speech. Zero tolerance policies. Foreign aid. Violence in the media. Social security. Artificial intelligence. Bilingual education. Genetic engineering. Childhood obesity. The Pharmaceutical company. As you can see there are all types of topics, you can choose from and still make an impression. But it is important to remember that everyone is entitled to his or her own opinions and not everyone might be willing to change his or her opinion no matter how hard you try to convince them. This should not discourage you! You cannot change the world in a single day. Hire Our Writers for Help with a Superb Article In the case that you feel this was not enough, and you need professional assistance, our professional academic writing service can help you with that crucial essay or speech. Call us today!

Free Essays on Teams

Self-directed work teams are defined as a small number of people with complementary skills, who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals and approach, for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. (Katzenbach & Smith,2001). Collaborative self directed work teams can get complex projects done at faster rates than the traditional boss-worker arrangement, because the decision making process is made faster and more effective in a team. Empowering teams to make decisions about their work also enhances satisfaction and reduces turnover. (Berger, 1998). Self directed work teams involve employees in a specific area, or those who are working on a specific product or process. Self directed work teams can be any size, but are generally not more than 12 to 15 employees. The work team makes the decisions that would normally be made by a supervisor or manger, and might interact with the company’s suppliers and customers, whether they are inside or outside the company. In some companies, self-directed work teams will also take over many of the human resource functions as well (Cotton, 2003). Self directed work teams have also become one of the more changing approaches to employee involvement and has been increasing in popularity within the last several years. Companies such as Proctor & Gamble, Digital Equipment, General Mills, Federal Express and other well known companies are reorganizing their employees into self directed work teams. In a recent survey, 476 Fortune 500 companies found that although only 7% of the work force is organized into self directed work teams, management at half of these companies said that they will be relying on them more in years ahead. (Cotton, 2003). There are nine basic steps in establishing self-directed work teams: 1) Developing a shared vision, 2) Empowerment, 3) Training, 4) Presence of supportive culture, 5) Developing performance expectations and feedback, 6) Establishing boundaries, 7) De... Free Essays on Teams Free Essays on Teams Self-directed work teams are defined as a small number of people with complementary skills, who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals and approach, for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. (Katzenbach & Smith,2001). Collaborative self directed work teams can get complex projects done at faster rates than the traditional boss-worker arrangement, because the decision making process is made faster and more effective in a team. Empowering teams to make decisions about their work also enhances satisfaction and reduces turnover. (Berger, 1998). Self directed work teams involve employees in a specific area, or those who are working on a specific product or process. Self directed work teams can be any size, but are generally not more than 12 to 15 employees. The work team makes the decisions that would normally be made by a supervisor or manger, and might interact with the company’s suppliers and customers, whether they are inside or outside the company. In some companies, self-directed work teams will also take over many of the human resource functions as well (Cotton, 2003). Self directed work teams have also become one of the more changing approaches to employee involvement and has been increasing in popularity within the last several years. Companies such as Proctor & Gamble, Digital Equipment, General Mills, Federal Express and other well known companies are reorganizing their employees into self directed work teams. In a recent survey, 476 Fortune 500 companies found that although only 7% of the work force is organized into self directed work teams, management at half of these companies said that they will be relying on them more in years ahead. (Cotton, 2003). There are nine basic steps in establishing self-directed work teams: 1) Developing a shared vision, 2) Empowerment, 3) Training, 4) Presence of supportive culture, 5) Developing performance expectations and feedback, 6) Establishing boundaries, 7) De...

A place that is relaxing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A place that is relaxing - Essay Example It is just the best in the vicinity, cherished and admired by the community. Will it remain lush and unsullied From the central area, there is a pathway going through the miniature forest and then to the lake. Along the lane, the greenery is prominent and is visibly the home to squirrels, rabbits and other forms of animal life. Different floral shades adorn the hanging branches which visitors see and appreciate as they pass the wooded trail. The feeling of fun and contentment is overwhelming in every step down the road. There is silence and dimness in the corridor but it does not sow fear. Instead, the mood is relaxing as it fascinates the passers with the aroma of the soft wind and the calmness that blends. Will the living things stay around for long As the short trip approaches the lake, the panorama shows magnificence and splendor. The body of water looks well and immaculate. The view indeed proves that both residents and touring guests work together to protect the environment around and to preserve the lovely spot. If all other places are taken cared of as is so in Kensington Park, the earth will continue to be strong and healthy. The planet in which we live will be more than grateful for the caring attitude. To really do this, we all have to cooperate. Shall we After the church service on... The rest and recreation venue embodies a surrounding that is well sustained. The facilities provide enough for the needs of those who roam around the promenade without making it untidy and unclean. That only speaks that the element of concern for this admired place is in the heart of every individual coming over to savor the pleasant gifts of nature. Certain pieces of amenities are a fixture for the convenience of the visitors but everything is installed in such a way that the inherent beauty is not sacrificed and spoiled. It is a fact that in so many instances, the environment gives way to tourist attractions. That is not a commendable act as it destroys the natural surroundings. In Kensington Park, the managers and overseers of the place see to it that any development and improvement are sustainable. The site is made better every now and then without damaging the environs. With these policies and practices, the place will surely remain fresh and clean. The regular residents in the wooded area have adapted to the characteristics of the atmosphere. The rabbits, squirrels and other animals have become natural pets for those who pass the pathways leading from the main park to the nearby lake. They do not pose any harm or threat and they also expect none as they co-exist with the human population that is welcomed daily to the premises. These creatures will definitely stay in generations to come for as long as their habitat is kept intact they way it should be. Animals play an important role in the balance of ecology and we have to think about them and understand their way of life and their necessities for survival. As is done in Kensington Park, the harmless living things composed of the rabbits, squirrels and their companions are not hurt or

Clinical uses Ganoderma Lucidum Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Clinical uses Ganoderma Lucidum - Research Paper Example Ganoderma lucidum is of clinical benefit in cancer and its studies in animals have shown that it prevents the spread of the carcinoma to sites other than its site of origin as well as it leads to a reduction in the size of the tumor. Furthermore, its additional role in the prevention of angiogenesis has also been noted in the clinical studies. Trials in human beings suffering from cancers have revealed that it enhances the quality of living by improving the immune status of these individuals. Trials of derivatives of Ganoderma lucidum for infections caused by bacteria and viruses have also proven to show the benefits in relieving diseases caused by these pathogens. An example is the relief achieved by patients suffering from post-herpetic pain which is relieved after the intake of an extract of Ganoderma lucidum. It is also known to have an effect in lowering the blood glucose levels and hence it is effective for patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. Ulcers of the stomach as wel l as injurious effects of chemicals to the liver are known to heal following the usage of Ganoderma lucidum (Benzie & Wachtel-Galor 2011). Ganoderma lucidum is an effective therapeutic agent that is being used since many years. It has been proven to be of advantage in diseases ranging from cancers in the human body and diabetes mellitus to bacterial and viral

Western Civilization. Changing Attitudes from the Ancient World to the Essay

Western Civilization. Changing Attitudes from the Ancient World to the Early Modern Period - Essay Example The departure from the classical period into the middle ages was heralded by Christianity. Religion played a great deal in the events that led to the changes in both the medieval world and the renaissance. This paper will endeavor to point out the major factors of change from each era leading up to the 'rebirth' of a nation and the evolution of a continent. In order to accomplish this, we will start with a brief look of the transition from the classical era to the medieval period. The first focus of the paper will look at how the medieval time period was seen by those wanting change, and by examining key factors that contributed to the changes that led to the renaissance. Second the paper will examine at what point changes occurred and how these contributed to the revolution that was the renaissance. The paper will conclude with a look at the effects of those changes and how they affected the world at large. Religion throughout time has played a great role in the evolution of nations. Men have killed and been killed for their faith. The period after the classical know as the 'early middle ages' was fraught with religious overtures. The rule of law was based in god and the might of the king was based in his faith and in the power of the clergy who backed his rule. It was a time of the 'divine right of kings'. A good example of this is the story of Charlemagne who was crowned king due to his faith and devoutness by Pope Leo III.1 The rules of justice were also simplified and meted out by the king, the clergy and the aristocracy. This idea of divine right and the power of a certain body of individuals led to the suppression of the individual and his rights as a freeman. They were subjugated in favor of faith and authority. Religion and issues of eternal life took to the forefront and all things individualistic, such as art, were relegated to positions of least importance. This is the first glimpse of the 'backward' nature of the medieval era. The second factor that led to the belief of the middle ages as a backward time was the notion that this period was culturally stagnant. It was a time believed to have a "lack of secular Latin literature' as well as 'corruption within the Church such as Popes who ruled as kings, pagan superstitions with saints relics, celibate priesthood, and institutionalized moral hypocrisy."2 This view probably came from the fact that learning was mainly in the hands of the clergy. Most written works were of a religious nature done by scribes who slowly and meticulously copied and recorded only what was given to them by the church. There was not much written about the arts or science all secular beliefs banished from the light. There was no balance of society and the individual, and only the worldview of serving your faith (God) and serving your lord through obedience and following life according to the will of the church. It was an age of the supernatural versus reason with no options for choice. The third factor in the middle ages 'backward' theory stems from the economic sector. This was also stagnant due to the power being held in the hands of the aristocracy and the guilds. The wealth of the society was in the hands of a few and no one individual could do business without the approval or backing of the guilds or the aristocracy. An emerging middle class at the end of the Crusades was also to become apart of this factor for change. At the end of the Crusades, many people sought out life in the cities and created a need for goods and services. They also developed an interest in the many cultures they had come in contact and wanted to experience and change

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Explained

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle Explained In the year of 1927, the time when modern physics has become prosperous, plenty of influential physics breakthroughs and discoveries struck the globe, especially quantum physics. One of the most significant quantum physicists is a German, named Werner Heisenberg, who stated the Uncertainty Principle in â€Å"On the Physical Content of Quantum Theoretical Kinematics and Mechanics†, which has indispensable impact on the physics sphere. By going through the definition, the formulas, using a daily life example, explaining its applicability and a strange phenomenon, the intricate and abstract Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle will hopefully become comprehendible. In Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, it states that the position and the momentum of a particle cannot be measured with absolute precision because the more accurately we know one of these values, the less accurately we know the other and when multiplying together the errors in the measurements of these values, which are represented by the Greek letter à ¢- ³, the result has to be a number greater than or equal to half of the Planck’s Constant h divided by 2Ï€. Though it sounds an extremely involved definition of the Uncertainty Principle, which is formidable enough by the name, especially for those who do not know much about science, yet as it is elaborated more deeply subsequently, the Principle will become comprehensible. According to the definition above, it is clear to observe that there are formulas for the Uncertainty Principle, which are à ¢- ³xà ¢- ³p≠¥h/2 or à ¢- ³Eà ¢- ³t≠¥h/2. In the former formula, x is the position of a particle and p is its momentum. As it is explained in the upper paragraph, à ¢- ³ represents the errors in the measurements, which means à ¢- ³x is the uncertainty of position and à ¢- ³p is the uncertainty of momentum; h is Planck’s constant, which is a fixed number. In the latter formula, E is the energy measurement of a particle and t is the time interval during which the measurement is made. Thus, à ¢- ³E is the uncertainty of an energy measurement and à ¢- ³t is the uncertainty in the time interval during which the measurement is made. Although the explanations of the formulas seem to make the Uncertainty Principle more intricate, yet by demonstrating it with a daily life example, it would become clearer. Theoretically, by throwing an elastic ball to an object and measuring how long it takes to reach back one’s hands can determine how far away the object is. For instance, if one throws the elastic ball to a nearby stool, it would bounce back quickly, indicating that the stool is pretty near the ball-thrower. Similarly, if one throws the elastic ball to a stool that is on the other side of the street, it would bounce back after a while, which means the stool is far away. For a period, physicists thought by this way they could measure where a particle is. The truth is it will never work because indeed the elastic ball would bounce back, yet it is quite possible that the elastic ball is heavy enough to knock away the stool and still has enough momentum to bounce back. In this case, one can only determine where the stool was, but not where it is now. Referring back to something more physics-related, there was a time that physicists wanted to make measurements by shooting a particle toward another particle, which is exactly an analogy of the daily life example they could not measure where the particle was after it had been hit by the other. There was a mystery that had confused many physicists for decades: In an atom, negatively-charged electrons orbit a positively-charged nucleus. Thinking with traditional logic, it is expected that the two opposite charges attract mutually, leading everything to collapse into a ball of particles. The most singular thing was, they never collapse into a ball of particles. This mystery is perfectly unveiled by Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle if an electron gets too close to the nucleus, its position in space would be precisely know, so the error in measuring its position would be quite accurate, meaning that the error in measuring its momentum and velocity would be enormous; as a result, the electron could be moving fast enough to fly out of the atom altogether. It is obvious how significant the Principle is to modern quantum physics. Furthermore, Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle has great compatibility – not only can it explain atom movements, but also can it be applied to nuclear radiation. Alpha decay, which is a type of nuclear radiation, can be explained using Heisenberg’s idea. Alpha particles are two protons and two neutrons emitted by some heavy nuclei, which are usually bound inside the heavy nucleus and would need lots of energy to break the bonds keeping them in place. Whereas, because inside a nucleus, an alpha particle has a very well-defined velocity, which is p, its position, x, is not so well-defined, indicating that there is a small but non-zero chance that the particle could at some point find itself outside the nucleus, under the circumstance that it technically does not have enough energy to escape. When this happens, which is a process metaphorically known as â€Å"quantum tunneling† since the escaping particle has to somehow dig its way through an energy barrier that it cannot leap over, the alpha particle escapes and it becomes radioactive. Under the same reasoning, not only does the uncertainty principle apply to micro world, but also does it also apply to the sun, of which a similar quantum tunnelling process happens in reverse at the center, where protons fuse together and release the energy that allows the sun to shine. Technically, the temperatures are not high enough for the protons to have enough energy to overcome their mutual electric repulsion at the core of the sun, but as the uncertainty principle is correct, they can tunnel their way through the energy barrier. It is definitely worthy to mention that Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle has a very strange result about vacuums. Albeit vacuums are often defined as the absence of everything, yet it is not so in quantum theory because there is an inherent uncertainty in the amount of energy involved in quantum processes and in the time it takes for those processes to happen. By looking at the energy-time version of Heisenberg’s equation, which is à ¢- ³Eà ¢- ³t≠¥h/2, it is shown that the more constrained one variable is, the less constrained the other is, which means it is possible that for extremely short periods of time, a quantum system’s energy can be immensely uncertain, so much that particles can appear out of the vacuum. These particles appear in pairs – an electron and its antimatter pair – for a short while and then annihilate mutually, which is well within the laws of quantum physics, as long as the particles only exist fleetingly and disapp ear when their time is up. With this bunch of elaborations, including Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle’s definition, formulas, a comprehensible example, explanations of applicability and a strange phenomenon, hopefully this legendary Principle has become less complex. Work Cited List Jha, Alok. â€Å"What is Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle†. Theguardian.com. The Observer, 11 Nov. 2013. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/10/what-is-heisenbergs-uncertainty-principle>. Clark, Josh. â€Å"How Quantum Suicide Works†. Howstuffworks.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/science-questions/quantum-suicide2.htm>. â€Å"The Uncertainty Principle†. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/uncer.html>. â€Å"Uncertainty Principle†. Abyss.uoregon.edu. N.p., n.d. 17 Feb. 2014. http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec14.html>.

Blakes Portrayal of Creation in Songs of Innocence and Experience Essa

In Jerusalem, Blake famously asserted that 'I will not reason and compare: my business is to create'. This quote highlights the fact that Blake himself was participating in an inventive process. Northrop Frye commented that 'man in his creative acts and perceptions is God, and God is man? ' man's creativity is, for Blake, the manifestation of the divine. The Songs of Innocence and Experience deal with life and the move, in particular, from youth to age. Creation is an extremely important aspect of life [being its beginning], whether the subject is creating or being created. As religion plays an enormous part in all of Blake's poetry, we can expect creation to have some biblical resonance as well. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience portray creation ? as they portray most themes ? in entirely different ways. The innocent child in The Lamb automatically answers his own question when he asks ?who made thee It was, of course, God. But the child?s simple reply conceals more ominous symbolism. By linking himself to the lamb and Christ, we are reminded uncomfortably of Christ?s great sacrifice and the slaughter of animals in honour of pagan gods. The simplistic, idealistic version of creation in Innocence veils the darker face of a sub-textually present knowledge involving ritual or religious sacrifice, perhaps the inevitable surrender of innocence in favour of experience. Creation in Experience is much more complex. In contrast to image of the lamb, the tiger is a predator, no longer ?meek? and ?mild? but ?fearful? and ?deadly?. The poem progresses with a series of questions, constantly gathering pace and frequency. The poem reaches a climax at the question ?Did He who made the lamb make thee The narrator cannot reco... ...hat it leads to more questions. Blake was almost certainly making a point about the nature in reality of experience, after we have created and have truly been created as adults, we begin to reach a higher understanding of what it means to exist, including the knowledge of death and contingency. This may make us bitter, but it also enables us to become wise, perhaps even reach a higher kind of innocence, a second childhood, in acceptance of the inevitability of age. So while the mother in Cradle Song sings sorrowfully ?Sleep, sleep, happy sleep,/ While o?er thee thy mother weep? in recognition that her child will one day reach experience, she is also able to see the ?Heavenly face?, which ?Smiles on thee, on me, on all?, regardless of age and experience. For, it seems to suggest, we are all His children, and He bears the same love for His creations as we do for ours.

Discrimination at workplace based on gender and ethnicity

Imagine being stuck in the same job without proper compensations, or being thrown out of the job one fine day and being replaced by someone, you know hardly measures up to the fine standards you maintain, just because you do not look good, or you have physical ailments, or the other person is a pretty looking female, and you are a male, or simply because you are being replaced by a younger, ‘energetic’ person, whose age replaces your experience and competence.This is a thought that scares millions of workers and professionals as they set out for to earn their daily bread and feed their dependants. The thought that this day may be their last day at work and not due to their own fault can be a thought very scaring indeed. The ‘big boss’ literally rules your life and these are things that must change for the better. Is it fair to judge a person and his professionalism solely on the basis of his colour, age, sex, ethnicity, and sexual tendencies?How does it matt er whether I was born in Africa, India or New York; why should it matter if my skin is black, brown or white; is being 45 years old a crime; why should one be prejudiced against if he/she has feelings for the same sex. In the end it should be the professional competence and the attitude to success that should replace these trivial feelings. Work place discrimination encompasses a spectrum of situations.It may range from sexual discrimination to sexual harassment, even work place bullying. It is pertinent here to define three commonly misinterpreted terms, ‘unlawful discrimination’, ‘unlawful harassment’ and ‘workplace bullying’. As detailed on the Human Rights and Equal Rights Commission (HREOC) website, unlawful discriminations implies a deliberate attempt to sideline a person in favour of others solely because of his age, sex, religion, ethnicity or pregnancy status, and other factors outlined above.Similarly ‘unlawful harassmentâ€℠¢ has been defined in the same website as â€Å"Under federal and state legislation unlawful harassment occurs when someone is made to feel intimidated, insulted or humiliated because of their race, colour, national or ethnic origin; sex; disability; sexual preference; or some other characteristic specified under anti-discrimination or human rights legislation†. Work place bullying relates to â€Å"the repeated less favourable treatment of a person by another or others in the workplace, which may be considered unreasonable and inappropriate workplace practice.It includes behaviour that intimidates, offends, degrades or humiliates a worker†. In the text a more detailed analysis with suitable situations will be mentioned. There should not a ‘wrongful termination’, which is the dismissal of an employee, when he did not deserve it. Workplace discrimination on the basis of gender When a deliberate attempt is made to downgrade a person solely on the basis of gen der, and this goes against the contractual agreement, it constitutes a ground for appeal (Allison & Taylor, Inc). It may be intended directly or indirectly as unintended rules.It may be ‘Disparate Treatment Gender Discrimination’, where a person is treated differently simply because of his gender. An example of this could be a situation where a male employee gets a better pay package than his female counterpart on the unfounded premise that he works more than her. It may be the other way round, that a female secretary gets more leaves from the boss, while her male counterpart is denied any leave. A slightly more complex situation is that of ‘Disparate Impact Gender Discrimination’, where there is has been an unintentional process involved.This can be understood in the context of employment in the armed forces, where though the rules of entry may be the same for both the sexes, yet, for some particular situations, like war, special rules may have been set, s uch that it becomes difficult for female soldiers to qualify. There may be a frank situation of sexual harassment, where promotions are linked to gaining special favors, usually sexual in nature, from the person of opposite sex. As shown in the cine-film,† Disclosure†, where the female boss deliberately denies opportunity to the male professional, because he refused sexual favors.There may be harassment from the same sex, where in the female boss, feeling threatened sexually by the entry of a petite secretary or a colleague, deliberately insults her in front of others, in effect creating a ‘hostile environment’. There is an interesting entity known as ‘Quid Pro Quo Harassment (district attorney . com). This refers quiet simply to trade in terms of sexual favors. In this situation the availability of sex is the prime requisite to continue work. It may also mean, that the job is denied to a suitable candidate, if sexual favors are denied.A hostile enviro nment is one where the employee is challenged mentally and emotionally due to repeated exposure to offensive materials such as crude jokes, pornographic material (HREOC website). This does not allow the employee to settle down to the best of his/ her abilities. Of course, just because offensive language is used, or sexual advances are made, does not qualify simply as workplace discrimination. If such activities are carried out in concert with the said employee, there is no ground for case against the office.A female employee may readily consent to go out on a date with her colleague, but later if she alleges sexual harassment, this does not constitute ground for appeal. These are some situation of unlawful discrimination. There are other situations like prejudice in selecting a particular employee for promotion, or training, or dismissal. A female employee, doing the same work, may be receiving lesser pay. Under the Equal Pay for Equal Act (Safety. com) every person doing similar wo rk should be paid paid equally.An interesting aspect is that strictly speaking sex and gender are considered different by pure semantics (workplacefairness. org). Sex is anatomical identity of the person, while gender refers to how the person perceived himself/ herself. Other spectra of workplace discrimination. Discrimination on the basis of age – in the AARP website, a reference to the Age Discrimination in Employee’s Act (ADEA) is mentioned. According to the law, if discrimination has been done to a person above 40 years of age on the basis of his age, it is illegal.It may be in the form of not being selected for the job inspite of being qualified in favor of a younger person, or it may be denial of promotions on the basis of age. Such a situation may also arise if the older employee is dismissed by the company in favor of a younger person, so that the new employee is paid less. A larger number of Racial discrimination – The colour of the skin of the person, or the company a person keeps, should never constitute grounds for prejudice. Action against someone for dating a person of different culture, constitutes grounds for appeal (www.districtattorney. com).Pregnancy and marriage discrimination- pregnancy is a temporary disability and is considered so (workplacefairness. org). Any discrimination on the above is wrong and punishable by law. If a female employee is treated differently because of her marriage than one who is married, the affected employee is right in taking action against the employer. Discrimination on basis of nation of origin. In the United Stated, only federal reserved jobs can be advertised as â€Å"for US Nationals Only†.Any other job is open for any individual who has gone through the mandatory requirements of the US Government (districtattorney. com) The opposing view Till now we have considered numerous points against the policy if discrimination, but to better understand the complex situation, a point in fa vour may also be taken, and indeed valid arguments may be put up. For example, any firm, be it government or private, has the right to employ the best professionals in order to further its interests.Thus if the company feels, that a person is getting old, and does not enthuse the same enthusiasm as he used to, it may be argued that it is within its rights to employ someone it feels is young and dynamic and ready to face challenges. It thus breeds a feeling of intense competition that brings out the best in the professional, forcing him to work better. This ‘on the edge’ feeling will foster a will to perform better. Hazardous jobs like army, fire fighting service and the police, need tough physical labour and often there is a real threat to the personnel.It is a fact that men are physically better equipped to face these situations. Thus these institutions may feel that by getting only the best for the job, will help important services like the army and police perform the tasks of fighting and security better. Again the company may feel, that a lady who is pregnant, or who has delivered recently, will not be able to give the commitment that is required. Long hours that a company demands, may not be possible fort the lady. Thus this situation can be argued both ways Summary. It is inhuman to deny a human being the opportunity to succeed in life, and prove himself.Thus why it should make a difference that he is black, or white, or he is above forty, especially when the person is qualified for his position, is incomprehensible. No argument is possible to defend someone who denies a job to a woman, just because she is married, or has delivered. Pregnancy is a universal truth, how can society be so cruel. All said and done, work place discrimination is a blot on the very existence of society, and all measures, be it legal, or legislative must be taken to ensure that this does not take place.

Enviornmental Challenges essays

Enviornmental Challenges essays An environmental challenge is something within the area that you live, that makes it difficult to settle there. Many times geography of a certain area has given certain civilizations problems that needed to be overcome. The geography of the Aztecs in Lake Texcoco and the geographical setting of the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains were both environmental challenges that the civilizations had to overcome. The Aztec civilization on lake Texcoco had a large environmental challenge because it was and island in the middle of a lake and there were no pass ways to the surrounding land. The Aztecs settled in the middle of Lake Texcoco because it was where they saw a bird sitting on a cactus holding a snake in its mouth, a sign from the Gods that's where they should settle. The challenges the Aztecs faced were a lack of food, because the island wasn't big enough for a temple and many gardens. The other environmental challenge they faced was transportation back to the main land because the main civilization was on the island. Even though the civilization faced these problems, they adapted to over come them. The Aztec civilization on lake Texcoco adapted quite easily to over come these environmental challenges. The first way the Aztec civilization adapted was to build floating gardens surrounding the island. These gardens called Chinampas, supplied food to the whole Aztec civilization. The chinampas were made of dirt piled on top of rafts that were anchored to the bottom of the lake until the plants roots touched the bottom. After this was accomplished, the plants were able to be harvested and the civilization would not go hungry. The chinampas were really a novel idea because they dint have to water the plants, for their roots could absorb water whenever they needed. Another way the Aztecs adapted to their challenging environment was building bridges from the island to the mainland. By building bridges, the Azte...

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Chapters 1-4 Vocabulary Essays

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Chapters 1-4 Vocabulary Essays Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Chapters 1-4 Vocabulary Paper Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Chapters 1-4 Vocabulary Paper adolescence A period of the life course between the timepuberty begins and the time adult status is approached, when young people are in the process of preparing to take on the roles and responsibilities of adulthood in their culture. life-cycle service A period in their late teens and 20s in which young people from the 16th to the 19th century engaged in domestic service, farm service, or apprenticeships in various trades and crafts. child study movement Late 19th century group, led by G. Stanley Hall, that advocated research on child and adolescent development and the improvement of conditions for children and adolescents in the family, school, and workplace. recapitulation Now-discredited theory that held that the development of each individual recapitulates the evolutionary development of the human species as a whole. storm and stress Theory promoted by G. Stanley Hall asserting that adolescence is inevitably a time of mood disruptions, conflict with parents, and antisocial behavior. survey A questionnaire study that involves asking a large number of people questions about their opinions, beliefs, or behavior. stratified sampling Sampling technique in which researchers select participants so that various categories of people are represented in proportions equal to their presence in the population. random sample Sampling technique in which the people selected for participation in a study are chosen randomly, meaning that no one in the population has a better or worse chance of being selected than anyone else. menarche A girls first menstrual period. emerging adulthood Period from roughly ages 18 to 25 in industrialized countries during which young people become more independent from parents and explore various life possibilities before making enduring commitments. Lamarckian Reference to Lamarcks ideas, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, that evolution takes place as a result of accumulated experience such that organisms pass on their characteristics from one generation to the next in the form of memories and acquired characteristics. early adolescence Period of human development lasting from about age 10 to about age 14. late adolescence Period of human development lasting from about age 15 to about age 18. individualism Cultural belief system that emphasized the desirability of independence, self-sufficiency, and self-expression. collectivism A set of beliefs asserting that it is important for persons to mute their individual desires in order to contribute to the well-being and success of the group. interdependence The web of commitments, attachments, and obligations that exist in some human groups. scientific method A systematic way of finding the answers to questions or problems that includes standards of sampling, procedure, and measures. hypotheses Ideas, based on theory or previous research, that a scholar wishes to test in a scientific study. sample The people included in a given study, who are intended to represent the population of interest. population The entire group of people of interest in a study. representative Characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which it accurately represents the population of interest. generalizable Characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which findings based on the sample can be used to make accurate statements about the population of interest. procedure Standards for the way a study is conducted. Includes informed consent and certain rules for avoiding biases in the data collection. method A scientific strategy for collecting data. peer reviewed When a scholarly article or book is evaluated by a scholars peers (i.e., other scholars) for scientific credibility and importance. informed consent Standard procedure in social scientific studies that entails informing potential participants of what their participation would involve, including any possible risks. consent form Written statement provided by a researcher to potential participants in a study, informing them of who is conducting the study, the purposes of the study, and what their participation would involve, including potential risks. closed question Questionnaire format that entails choosing from specific responses provided for each question. open-ended question Questionnaire format that involves writing in response to each question. interview Research method that involves asking people questions in a conversational format, such that peoples answers are in their own words. qualitative Data that is collected in non-numerical form, usually in interviews or observations. quantitative Data that is collected in numerical form, usually on questionnaires. ethnographic research Research in which scholars spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, usually living among them. ethnography A book that presents an anthropologists observations of what life is like in a particular culture. reliability Characteristic of a measure that refers to the extent to which results of the measure on one occasion are similar to results of the measure on a separate occasion. validity The truthfulness of a measure, that is, the extent to which it measures what it claims to measure. experimental research method A research method that entails assigning participants randomly to an experimental group that received a treatment and a control group that does not receive the treatment, then comparing the two groups in a posttest. experimental group In experimental research, the group that receives the treatment. control group In experimental research, the group that does not receive the treatment. interventions Programs intended to change the attitudes and/or behavior of the participants. natural experiment A situation that occurs naturally but that provides interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer. monozygotic (MZ) twins Twins with exactly the same genotype. Also known as identical twins. dizygotic (DZ) twins Twins with about half their genotype in common, the same as for other siblings. Also known as fraternal twins. correlation versus causation A correlation is a predictable relationship between two variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other. However, just because two variables are correlated does not mean that one causes the other, longitudinal study A study in which data is collected from the participants on more than one occasion. patriarchal authority Cultural belief in the absolute authority of the father over his wife and children. filial piety Confucian belief, common in many Asian societies, that children are obligated to respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father. caste system Hindu belief that people are born into a particular caste based on their moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life. A persons caste then determines their status in Indian society. globalization Increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, which is making different pars of the world increasingly connected and increasingly similar culturally. bicultural Having an identity that includes aspects of two different cultures. resilience Overcoming adverse environmental circumstances to achieve healthy development. culture The total pattern of a groups customs, beliefs, art, and technology; a groups common way of life, passed on from one generation to the next. the West The United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand; they are all developed countries, they are all representative democracies with similar kinds of governments, and they share to some extent a common cultural history; today, they are characterized by secularism, consumerism, and capitalism, to one degree or another; usually refers to the majority culture in each of the countries, but each country also has cultural groups that do not share the characteristics of the majority culture and may even be in opposition to it. developed countries Includes the countries of the West along with Eastern countries such as Japan and South Korea; all of them have highly developed economies that have passed through a period of industrialization and are now based mainly on services (such as law, banking, sales, and accounting) and information (such as computer-related companies). majority culture The culture that sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual, and media power; in America, the mostly White, middle-class majority in American society. society A group of people who interact in the course of sharing a common geographical area; may include a variety of cultures with different customs, religions, family traditions, and economic practices; different from a culture: members of a culture share a common way of life, whereas members of this may not. traditional cultures Refers to a culture that has maintained a way of life based on stable traditions passed from one generation to the next. These cultures do not generally value change but rather place a higher value on remaining true to cultural traditions; often, they are called preindustrial, which means that they technology and economic practices typical in developed countries are not widely used. developing countries Previously traditional, preindustrial cultures that become industrialized as a consequence of globalization. socioeconomic status Often used to refer to social class, which includes educational level, income level, and occupational status. For adolescents and emerging adults, because they have not yet reached the social class they will have as adults, this is usually used in reference to their parents levels of education, income, and occupation. young people Adolescents and emerging adults together. research design The plan for when and how to collect the data for a study. cross-sectional research Research in which data are collected on a sample of people at a single point in time. national survey Research technique which utilizes both stratified sampling and random sampling on a large scale. national survey Research technique which utilizes both stratified sampling and random sampling on a large scale. puberty The changes in physiology, anatomy, and physical functioning that develop a person into a mature adult biologically and prepare the body for sexual reproduction. endocrine system A network of glands in the body. Through hormones, the glands coordinate their functioning and affect the development and functioning of the body. hormones Chemicals, released by the glands of the endocrine system, that affect the development and functioning of the body, including development during puberty. hypothalamus The master gland, located in the lower part of the brain beneath the cortex, that affects a wide range of physiological and psychological functioning and stimulates and regulates the production of hormones by other glands, including the ones involved in the initiation of puberty. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Hormone released by the hypothalamus that causes gonadotropins to be released by the pituitary. leptin A protein, produced by fat cells, that signals the hypothalamus to initiate the hormonal changes of puberty. pituitary gland A gland about half an inch long located at the base of the brain that released gonadotropins as part of the bodys preparation for reproduction. gonadotropins hormones (FSH and LH) that stimulate the development of gametes. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Along with LH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles. luteinizing hormone (LH) Along with FSH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles. gametes Cells, distinctive to each sex, that are involved in reproduction (egg cells in the ovaries of the female and sperm in the testes of the male). gonads The ovaries and testicles. Also known as the sex glands. sex hormones Androgens and estrogens that cause the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics. estrogens The sex hormones that have especially high levels in females from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for female primary and secondary sex characteristics. androgens The sex hormones that have especially high levels in males from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for male primary and secondary sex characteristics. estradiol The estrogen most important in pubertal development among girls. testosterone The androgen most important in pubertal development among boys. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) The hormone that causes the adrenal glands to increase androgen production feedback look System of hormones involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads, which monitors and adjusts the levels of sex hormones. set point Optimal level of sex hormones in the body. When this point is reached, responses in the glands of the feedback loop cause the production of sex hormones to be reduced. adolescent growth spurt The rapid increase in height that takes place at the beginning of puberty. peak height velocity The point at which the adolescent growth spurt is at its maximum rate. asynchronicity Uneven growth of different parts of the body during puberty. extremities The feet, hands, and head. vital capacity The amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep breath, which increases rapidly during puberty, especially for boys. maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) A measure of the ability of the body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs; peaks in the early 20s. cardiac output A measure of the quantity of blood pumped by the heart. health promotion Efforts to reduce health problems in young people through encouraging changes in the behaviors that put young people at risk. primary sex characteristics The production of eggs and sperm and the development of the sex organs. secondary sex characteristics Bodily changes of puberty not directly related to reproduction. ovum Mature egg that develops from follicle in ovaries about every 28 days. spermarche Beginning of development of sperm in boys testicles at puberty. vulva External female sex organs, including the labia majora, the labia minora, and the clitoris. labia majora Part of vulva; Latin for large lips. labia minora Part of vulva; Latin for small lips. clitoris Part of vulva in which females sexual sensations are concentrated. breast buds The first slight enlargement of the breast in girls at puberty. areola Area surrounding the nipple on the breast; enlarges at puberty. secular trend A change in the characteristics of a population over time. reaction range Term meaning that genes establish a range of possible development and environment determines where development takes place within that range. incest taboo The prohibition on sexual relations between family members. Believed to be biologically based, as children born to closely related parents are at higher risk for genetic disorders. premenstrual syndrome (PMS) The combination of behavioral, emotional, and physical symptoms that occur in some females the week before menstruation. semenarche A males first ejaculation. age-graded Organized by age, for example in schools. nature-nurture debate Debate over the relative importance of biology and the environment in human development. theory of genotype>environment effects Theory that both genetics and environment make essential contributions to human development but are difficult to unravel because our genes actually influence the kind of environment we experience. passive genotype>environment effects Situation in biological families that parents provide both genes and environment for their children, making genes and environment difficult to separate in their effects on childrens development. evocative genotype>environment effects Occur when a persons inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment. active genotype>environment effects Occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics. mikveh Among Orthodox Jewish women, a ritual bath taken a week after the conclusion of the menstrual period, believed to cleanse the impurity believed to be associated with menstruation. cognitive development Changes over time in how people think, how they solve problems, and how their capacities for memory and attention change. Jean Piaget Influential Swiss developmental psychologist, best known for his theories of cognitive and moral development stage A period in which abilities are organized in a coherent, interrelated way. mental structure The organization of cognitive abilities into a single pattern, such that thinking in all aspects of life is a reflection of that structure. cognitive-developmental approach Approach to understanding cognition that emphasizes the changes that take place at different ages. maturation Process by which abilities develop through genetically based development with limited influence from the environment. schemes A mental structure for organizing and interpreting information. assimilation The cognitive process that occurs when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme. accommodation The cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt to new information. sensorimotor stage Cognitive stage in first 2 years of life that involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities. preoperational stage Cognitive stage from ages 2 to 7 during which the child becomes capable of representing the world symbolicallyfor example, through the use of languagebut is still very limited in ability to use mental operations. concrete operations Cognitive stage from age 7 to 11 in which children learn to use mental operations but are limited to applying them to concrete, observable situations rather than hypothetical situations. mental operations Cognitive activity involving manipulating and reasoning about objects. formal operations Cognitive stage from age 11 on up in which people learn to think systematically about possibilities and hypotheses. pendulum problem Piagets classic test of formal operations, in which persons are asked to figure out what determines the speed at which a pendulum sways from side to side. hypothetical-deductive reasoning Piagets term for the process by which the formal operational thinker systematically tests possible solutions to a problem and arrives at an answer that can be defended and explained. abstract thinking Thinking in terms of symbols, ideas, and concepts. complex thinking Thinking that takes into account multiple connections and interpretations, such as in the use of metaphor, satire, and sarcasm. metacognition The capacity for thinking about thinking that allows adolescents and adults to reason about their thought processes and monitor them. individual differences Approach to research that focuses on how individuals differ within a group, for example, in performance on IQ tests. postformal thinking Type of thinking beyond formal operations, involving greater awareness of the complexity of real-life situations, such as the use of pragmatism and reflective judgment. pragmatism Type of thinking that involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations. dialectical thought Type of thinking that develops in emerging adulthood, involving a growing awareness that most problems do not have a single solution and that problems must often be addressed with crucial pieces of information missing. reflective judgment The capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments. dualistic thinking Cognitive tendency to see situations and issues in polarized, absolute, black-and-white terms. multiple thinking Cognitive approach entailing recognition that there is more than one legitimate view of things and that it can be difficult to justify one position as the true or accurate one. relativism Cognitive ability to recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view but also compare the relative merits of competing views. commitment Cognitive status in which persons commit themselves to certain points of view they believe to be the most valid while at the same time being open to reevaluating their views if new evidence is presented to them. information-processing approach An approach to understanding cognition that seeks to delineate the steps involved in the thinking process and how each step is connected to the next. discontinuous A view of development as taking place in stages that are distinct from one another rather than as one gradual, continuous process. continuous A view of development as a gradual, steady process rather than as taking place in distinct stages. componential approach Description of the information-processing approach to cognition, indicating that it involves breaking down the thinking process into its various components. selective attention The ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant. divided attention The ability to focus on more than one task at a time. short-term memory Memory for information that is the current focus of attention. long-term memory Memory for information that is committed to long-term storage, so that it can be drawn upon after a period when attention has not been focused on it. working memory An aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information is stored as it is comprehended and analyzed. mnemonic devices Memory strategies. automaticity Degree of cognitive effort a person needs to devote to processing a given set of information. reductionism Breaking up a phenomenon into separate parts to such an extent that the meaning and coherence of the phenomenon as a whole becomes lost. critical thinking Thinking that involves not merely memorizing information but analyzing it, making judgments about what it means, relating it to other information, and considering ways in which it might be valid or invalid. behavioral decision theory Theory of decision making that describes the decision-making process as including (1) identifying the range of possible choices; (2) identifying the consequences that would result from each choice; (3) evaluating the desirability of each consequence; (4) assessing the likelihood of each consequence; and (5) integrating this information. organizational core Term applied especially to cognitive development, meaning that cognitive development affects all areas of thinking, no matter what the topic. social cognition How people think about other people, social relationships, and social institutions perspective taking The ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others. mutual perspective taking Stage of perspective taking, often found in early adolescence, in which persons understand that their perspective-taking interactions with others are mutual, in the sense that each side realizes that the other can take their perspective. social and conventional system perspective taking Realizing that the social perspectives of self and others are influenced not just by their interaction with each other but by their roles in the larger society. prosocial Promoting the well-being of others. theory of mind The ability to attribute mental states to ones self and others, including beliefs, thoughts, and feelings. adolescent egocentrism Type of egocentrism in which adolescents have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others. imaginary audience Belief that others are acutely aware of and attentive to ones appearance and behavior. personal fable A belief in ones personal uniqueness, often including a sense of invulnerability to the consequences of taking risks. optimistic bias The tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to other people than to ones self. psychometric approach Attempt to understand human cognition by evaluating cognitive abilities using intelligence tests Alfred Binet French psychologist who developed the first intelligence test in the early 20th century, which later became known as the Stanford-Binet. Stanford-Binet Widely used IQ test developed by Alfred Binet and revised by scholars at Stanford University intelligence quotient A measure of a persons intellectual abilities based on a standardized test. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) Intelligence test for children ages 6 to 16, with six Verbal and five Performance subtests. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Intelligence test for persons ages 16 and up, with six Verbal and five Performance subtests. Verbal subtests In the Wechsler IQ tests, subtests that examine verbal abilities Performance subtests In the Wechsler IQ tests, subtests that examine abilities for attention, spatial perception, and speed of processing. relative performance In IQ tests, performance results compared to those of other persons of the same age. absolute performance In IQ tests, performance results compared to those of other persons, regardless of age. age norms Technique for developing a psychological test, in which a typical score for each age is established by testing a large random sample of people from a variety of geographical areas and social class backgrounds. median In a distribution of scores, the point at which half of the population scores above and half below. test-retest reliability Type of reliability that examines whether or not persons scores on one occasion are similar to their scores on another occasion. fluid intelligence Mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing, processing, and reacting to information. crystallized intelligence Accumulated knowledge and enhanced judgment based on experience. predictive validity In longitudinal research, the ability of a variable at Time 1 to predict the outcome of a variable at Time 2. transracial adoption The adoption of children of one race by parents of a different race. theory of multiple intelligences Howard Gardners theory that there are eight separate types of intelligence. fMRI A technique for measuring brain functioning during an ongoing activity. PET scans A technique for assessing ongoing brain functioning, in which a chemical that emits positrons is injected into the body, and detectors measure their activity levels in various parts of the brain. synapse The point of transmission between two nerve cells. neurons Cells of the nervous system, including the brain. overproduction or exuberance A rapid increase in the production of synaptic connections in the brain. gray matter The outer layer of the brain, where most of the growth in brain cells occurs during overproduction in adolescence. frontal lobes The part of the brain immediately behind the forehead. Known to be involved in higher brain functions such as planning ahead and analyzing complex problems. synaptic pruning Following overproduction, the process by which the number of synapses in the brain are reduced, making brain functioning faster and more efficient but less flexible. myelination Process by which myelin, a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron, grows. Myelin serves the function of keeping the brains electrical signals on one path and increasing their speed. cerebellum A structure in the lower brain, well beneath the cortex, long thought to be involved only in basic functions such as movement, now known to be important for many higher functions as well, such as mathematics, music, decision making, and social skills. Vygotsky Russian psychologist who emphasized the cultural basis of cognitive development. zone of proximal development The gap between how competently a person performs a task alone and when guided by an adule or more competent peer. scaffolding The degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learners skills develop. guided participation The teaching interaction between two people (often an adult and a child or adolescent) as they participate in a culturally valued activity. cultural psychology Approach to human psychology emphasizing that psychological functioning cannot be separated from the culture in which it takes place. cultural beliefs The predominant beliefs in a culture about right and wrong, what is most important in life, and how life should be lived. May also include beliefs about where and how life originated and what happens after death. symbolic inheritance The set of ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about persons, society, nature, and divinity that serve as a guide to life in a particular culture. It is expressed symbolically through stories, songs, rituals, sacred objects, and sacred places. roles Defined social positions in a culture, containing specifications of behavior, status, and relations with others. Examples include gender, age, and social class. gender roles Cultural beliefs about the kinds of work, appearance, and other aspects of behavior that distinguish women from men. socialization The process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture in which they live. self-regulation The capacity for exercising self-control in order to restrain ones impulses and comply with social norms. role preparation An outcome of socialization that includes preparation for occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage and parenthood. Bat Mitzvah Jewish religious ritual for girls at age 13 that signifies the adolescents new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs. Bar Mitzvah Jewish religious ritual for boys at age 13 that signifies the adolescents new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs. sources of meaning The ideas and beliefs that people learn as a part of socialization, indicating what is important, what is to be values, what is to be lived for, and how to explain and offer consolation for the individuals mortality. interdependent self A conception of the self typically found in collectivistic cultures, in which the self is seen as defined by roles and relationships within the group. independent self A conception of the self typically found in individualistic cultures, in which the self is seen as existing independently of relations with others, with an emphasis on independence, individual freedoms, and individual achievements. broad socialization The process by which persons in an individualistic culture come to learn individualism, including values of individual uniqueness, independence, and self-expression. narrow socialization The process by which persons in a collectivistic culture come to learn collectivism, including values of obedience and conformity. custom complex A customary practice and the beliefs, values, sanctions, rules, motives, and satisfactions associated with it; that is, a normative practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for that practice. ontogenetic Something that occurs naturally in the course of development as part of normal maturation; that is, it is driven by innate processes rather than by environmental stimulation or a specific cultural practice. first-generation families The status of persons who were born in one country and then immigrated to another. second-generation families The status of persons who were born in the country they currently reside in but whose parents were born in a different country. secular Based on nonreligious beliefs and values. social desirability The tendency for people participating in social science studies to report their behavior as they believe it would be approved by others rather than as it actually occurred. poetic-conventional faith Fowlers term for the stage of faith development most typical of early adolescence, in which people become more aware of the symbolism used in their faith and religious understanding becomes more complex in the sense hat early adolescents increasingly believe that there is more than one way of knowing the truth. individuating-reflective faith Fowlers term for the stage of faith most typical of late adolescence and emerging adulthood, in which people rely less on what their parents believed and develop a more individualized faith based on questioning their beliefs and incorporating their personal experience into their beliefs. heteronomous morality Piagets term for the period of moral development from about ages 4 to about 7, in which moral rules are viewed as having a sacred, fixed quality, handed down from figures of authority and alterable only by them. autonomous morality Piagets term for the period of moral development from about ages 10 to 12, involving a growing realization that moral rules are social conventions that can be changed if people decide they should be changed. preconventional reasoning In Kohlbergs theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments. conventional reasoning In Kohlbergs theory of moral development, the level of moral reasoning in which the person advocates the value of conforming to the moral expectations of others. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities. postconventional reasoning In Kohlbergs theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on the individuals own independent judgments rather than on egocentric considerations or considerations of what others view as wrong or right. justice orientation A type of moral orientation that places a premium on abstract principles of justice, equality, and fairness. care orientation Gilligans term for the type of moral orientation that involves focusing on relationships with others as the basis for moral reasoning. worldview A set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed.