King Arthur as ideal representative of the middle ages Essay

Although there is no absolute proof that King Arthur lived, the historical and literary information has made him an ideal representative of the middle ages. The Middle Ages have always been an intriguing field of study for historians and archeologists around the world. Because of historians and archeologist, we have a history foundation that goes back to the beginning of time. However, the issue that is under debate and gives historians the most controversies is in era of the Middle Ages. The topic of debate that gives historians bring up the most about the middle ages is the legend of King Arthur. Over the past millennium, the story of King Arthur has been past down from generation to generation. From the movie Excalibur, to the famous Broadway plays about King Arthur, he has always been portrayed as the gallant king who saves the day and is undefeatable in battles. But the truth about Arthur has come under much criticism, many of historians have argued about if he really existed or was he just a myth. In fact, there have been rumors that three Arthur’s that lived during that time frame, but which one was the true king Arthur? This is the reason why he has come under so much criticism in the past decade. Another reason why historians are skeptical to the true existence is that the dates when he had been known to live do not add up. There are different periods for battles the he supposedly fought in and had he fought in them, he would have been over a hundred years old. Historians have said that this would have been impossible due to the Black Plague and numerous other plagues going on during that time. There is truth behind the legendary King Arthur and there is support to show that he did live, but historians are having a hard time piecing together the facts that are known. Many of writers who have dared to write about him have had to do intensive research about the legendary Arthur, with little or unknown evidence to support the truth about him. Historians have had to deal with little known information, only able to piece part of what little known fact that there are. The truth about King Arthur will be under debate long after I am gone but I would like to know the truth about the legendary King Arthur, Merlin and the truth to the lady in the lake and Excalibur. The earliest accounts of King Arthur were discovered in the Celtic, Latin, and French resources. They show that he was from a royal bloodline. Latin sources show that his real father was King Uther Pendragon. The story tells how King Urther fell in love with Queen Igraye of Cornwall who was married. And with the aid of Merlin a Celtic magician, Uther took the form of the Duke of Cornwall and seduced Queen Igraye and so conceived Arthur. He was raised without the knowledge of his true royal ancestry and grew up as a knight’s squire. Until one day, he was required to go fetch the knight’s sword where he came upon the sword in the stone and pulled it out of the stone. The story behind the stone is that Authur’s true Dad died and Britain was without a true king and so Merlin the magician put the sword in the stone, saying that the true king of Britain will pull the sword from the stone. † Arthur succeeded the throne at the early age of fifteen after proving his royalty and chastity by drawing the famous magic sword, Excalibur, from the stone. In his first major conquest he subdued the Saxons and expanded his control over Scotland, Ireland, Iceland, and the Orkneys, and established a period of peace for over twelve years. There is much in the pursuit of the issue if Arthur was of historical value to the middle ages. There is no absolute evidence, but it is possible that Arthur was Briton or Roman-Briton king who led the Celtics against the Anglo-Saxons in the early 8th century.† (Americana, Arthurian Romances, 1972) The kings of the medieval period were warlords that protected a particular area of land; they surrounded themselves with knights who swore allegiance in battle in exchange for gifts of gold, armor, and land. There have been three basic charter descriptions of Arthur, which detail the characteristics of the â€Å"real† king Arthur. In the earliest descriptions he’s portrayed as a fierce, feared warrior, capable of tremendous prowess in hand to hand combat. Described by the Welsh priest, Nessius in his Latin Historia Brillonum, Arthur was â€Å"chosen twelve times to lead the Celts, Arthur carried the image of the Virgin and won twelve battles, the last being at Mt. Badon in which he killed 960 of the enemy singly handedly† (Americana). The second image of Arthur is that of a â€Å"peripheral figure whose presence is felt mainly as a social force of arbiter of chivalric excellence†(Americana). A Welshman named Goeffrey of Monmouth was the first to describe the characters and stories we are familiar with today. In the Historia Rogum Britanniae, Geoffrey tells of Arthur’s siring through and adulterous relationship between Uther Pendragon and Igraine. He also introduces the magician Merlin and describes Arthur’s eventual resting-place on the isle of Avalon. In later treatment of Arthurian legends such s Thomas Mallory’s Le Morte Darthur, Arthur is depicted as a more two dimensional character. There is a naive side portrayed be the king, like when he refuses to see the romance between Guinevere, his wife, and Lancelot, a knight, although there are many warnings. For instance, when the affair is revealed, Arthur’s impetuous actions begin the downfall of his court. He condemns Gueniverer to death, forcing Lancelot to save her. In rescuing Guenivere, Lancelot inadvertently kills Gwain, brother and creator of the feud between Gwain and Lancelot. Throughout it all, Arthur is blind and naive and is swept up by events outside his control. There is evidence that Arthur is lost without the advice of the magician Merlin. Arthur does not always understand the implications of the events and is unable to draw his own conclusions without Merlin’s help. Arthur is without full understanding of his actions and causes the end of Camelot and of his reign. Arthur was killed by his illegitimate son Mordred, whom Arthur fathered in an ancesturous relationship with his half -sister Morgan Le Fay. As is presented in many of the later Arthurian stories, Arthur is duped by Mordred’s magical powers, and showing his susceptibility to trickery. The cause of it was when the Roman ambassadors arrived in Camelot demading tribute. Rejecting their offer, he set sail to confront the Roman forces, leaving his son Mordred as vice regent. After conquering the Romans, Arthur heard of news that Mordred had an uprising and his goal was to over through King Arthur. Arthur returned to Camelot where a bitter battle was fought between the rebels and the loyal subjects. The king killed Mordred, but was severely wounded himself. He was carried away secretly to the secret aisle of Avalon, the Celtic Mythology island of the blessed souls, to be healed of his wounds. Arthur returned to Camelot, but legend says he will someday come back to rule over England again. Merlin first appears in the Middle ages as a mere prophet, but his role gradually evolved into that of a magician and advisor, active in all phases of the administration of Arthur’s kingdom. He was apparently given the name Ambrosias at his birth in Caer-Fy Riddin (Carmorthen). He later became known as Merlin a Latinized version of the Welsh word Myrddin, taken from the place of his birth. Geoffrey of Monmouth was thought to have invented the name Merlin, most likely because he invented everything else in his stories. Merlin’s was the illegitimate son of the royal princess of Dyfed. His father was Kind Meurig, who was not found in the traditional pedigrees of the kingdom and was more than likely a sub-king of the region of Coredigion. Merlin’s father was known to be an angel who had visited the royal nun and left her with a child. Merlin’s enemies claim that his father was an evil spirit that had sex with women while they were sleeping. The evil child was to provide a counter weight to the good influence of Jesus on earth. Merlin was baptized when he was young, which is said to have negated his evil nature. The original story was presumably invented to save his mother from the scandal which would have occurred had her liaison with one Morfyn Frych, a minor price of the house of Coel, been made public knowledge. Legend has it that when Merlin grew up that he inherited his grandfather’s kingdom, but instead abandoned his land in favor of the mysterious life he has become so well known for. He was known for his aiding of Unther Pendrogon in his deception of changing him into Gorloris the Duke of Cornwall who then seduces Queen Ygerna and she conceives Arthur. After Arthur’s birth, Merlin became the young boys tutor. In his defining moment of Arthur’s career, Merlin arranged for the Sword in the Stone contest by which Arthur becomes king. Later Merlin meets the mystic Lady of the Lake at the Fountain of Barenton and persuaded her to present the king with the magical sword Excalibur. In the Romances, Merlin’s the creator of the round table and is closely involved in aiding and directing the events of the king and the kingdom of Camelot. In the book by Geoffrey of Monmouth he is pictured at the end of Arthur’s life accompanying the wounded Arthur to the Isle of Avalon for the healing of Arthur’s wounds. According to Geoffrey’s â€Å"Vita Merlini†(c.1151) Merlin was a sixth century prophet living in the north of Britain where his career extended beyond Arthur’s. These same scholars believe that there were two Melin’s, Myrddin Emrys and Myrddin Wylt. The fact the Merlin apparently lived from â€Å"the reign of Vortigern (c420) to the reign of Riderech Huel (c580)† would certainly support this view. Cadbury Castle is the best known and most interesting of the reported sights of Camelot. Cadbury is an absolute hill of limestone and sandstone. The summit is about 500 feet above the sea level with a wide view of central Somerset, including the Four at Glastonbury, which is12 miles away, and in clear weather Brent knoll and beyond. It had four lines of bank and ditch defense. The first known to refer to Cadbury as Camelot is John Leland in 1542. He says â€Å"At the very south, end of the church of South-Cadbri standith Camallate sometimes a famous town or castle†¦.The people can tell nothing there but that they have heard Arthur much resorted to Camelot†. Skeptics have agrees that there was no real local tradition, or perhaps a vague tradition of Arthur only and that the evocative name is a guess of Leland prompted by the Queen Camel. Yet he speaks of Camelot without any discussions as a recognized fact, and his spelling with an A instead of an O in the last syllable may echo a local pronunciation. Whatever the people of the neighborhood were saying in 1542 they have certainly cherished Arthurian lore since then. Cadbury hills has it’s legends, one midsummer eve or midsummer night ( opinions differ and some say it only every seven years) Arthur and his knights ride over the hilltop and down through the ancient gateway, and their horses drink at a spring besided Sutton Montis Church. Whether or not they can be seen, their hoof beats can be heard. Below the hill are traces of an old track, running toward Glatonburg, called Arthur’s lane or Hunting Causeway where a noise of spectral riders and hounds goes past on a winter’s night. Cadbury never had a castle; the fortified hill itself was the castle. The Rev. James Bennett of south Cadbury carried out the first small excavation of Cadbury Hill. In a paper published in 1890, he told how he had cut a trench through the top rampart and judged that it was built up in layers over a long time. This was found true. In 1913, H. St. George Gray excavated again, chiefly near the southwest entrance, finding objects that showed that people were on the hill in the late Iron Age just before the Roman Conquest. The crucial step from the Arthurian point of view did not come until the middle 1950’s. Part of the enclosure was ploughed; and a local archeologist named Mrs. Mary Hartfield picked up flints and potsherds, which appeared on the surface in the upturned soil. Among these Dr. Raleigh Radford recognizes pottery of the type he had found at Tingel, which proved that somebody had lived here at about the time of Arthur, and most likely a person of wealth, who could import luxury goods. The interest thus aroused led to the formation of the Camelot Research Committee. It became clear that British Celts of the Iron Age had not only built the earth works defense, but reconstructed the top bank several times as Bennett suspected a village flourished on the plateau for hundred of years. In a central and commanding position on the high part of the hill called Arthur’s Palace, the foundation of a timber hall came to light. It was 63ft. by 34ft. Their walls were marked by postholes cut in the bedrock. In outline, it resembled the hall of Castle Dore, but there were grounds for inferring more skillful workmanship quality rather than size. In this building the chief warriors would have assembled, feasted, listened to minstrels, planned campaigns, most important of all was the discovery which was made in the bank. The three quarter mile perimeter of the hill, cuts through it in several places, now refilled like the entrance, revealed across section like layer cake, with strata one above another showing how the ram art had been rebuilt at various times over the centuries. The defensive system surrounding the hill made an impression in keeping with the period. The wall itself, with its timber bracing and super structure, was very like what the British Celts were building before the Roman Conquest. It incorporated fragments of Roman masonary, salvaged from derelict buildings but it was strictly a national piece of work. The truth about the real King Arthur, is an issue that will be around until the truth is revealed about him. Historian and archeologist have debated this issue for over a millennium with no were getting to the truth about him. They have found that he did exist, but will they ever come to the agreement about him. For know we will have to live with folklore to the existence of the true King Arthur.

Rizal Biography

Biography of Jose Rizal The Birth of a Hero: Born On June 19, 1861, Seventh of the 11 Children of Theodora Relonda and Francisco Mercado Real Name: Jose Protacio Alonzo Mercado Rizal y Realonda Rizal as a Child: Age of 3 – learns his alphabet from his mother. Age of 5 – learns how to write and read. Age of 8 – wrote his first poem â€Å" Sa aking mga Kababata â€Å" 11 Children of Francisco and Theodora Saturnina ( 1850 – 1913 ) – eldest child of the family. Paciano ( 1815 – 1930 ) – Older brother of Jose Rizal. Narcisa ( 1852 – 1939 ) – also called as â€Å"Sisa† and the third child of the family.Olimpia Rizal ( 1855 – 1887 ) – a telegraph operator in Manila. Lucia ( 1857 – 1919 ) – married to Mariano Herbosa of Calamba. Maria ( 1859 – 1945 ) – also called as â€Å"Biang†. JOSE ( 1861 – 1896 ) ( The greatest hero and Philippine encyclopedia ) – also called as â€Å"Pepe†. Concepcion ( 1862 – 1865 ) – also called as â€Å"Concha†. Died at the age of 3 due to a serious case of illness. Josefa ( 1865 – 1945 ) – also called as â€Å"Panggo†. Trinidad ( 1868 – 1951 ) – also called as â€Å"Trining†. Soledad ( 1870 – 1929 ) – youngest member of the family. She marry Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba. The Hero’s PainRizal is very sad when his sister concha died, because concha is very close to him, they play together and do other stuffs together. Concha died at the age of 3. The story of the Moth This is the story of Thoedora to Rizal, he made this his inspiration. School in Binan, Calamba Rizal went to Binan Rizal went to Binan to go to school. First day of School Rizal doesn’t know anyone from the school so he just sits in one corner and doing nothing. First Fight One of the school bullies of Rizal’s school bullied him and because he can’t hold his temper anymore, Rizal’s First fight was made.Rizal Enters Ateneo Rizal went to school at Ateneo Municipal de Manila, where he excelled in class, also he made lots of works their including poems, dramas sculptures and many more. â€Å"Aking Unang Inspiration† This is a poem that Rizal made for his mother’s birthday. Poems of Education Rizal also wrote poems that talks about Education. â€Å"Sa Edukasyon ay Magtatamo ng Liwanag ang Bansa† â€Å"Malapit na Ugnayan ng Relihiyon at Mabuting Edukasyon† Rizal’s Religious Poems Rizal also wrote religious poems. â€Å"Sa Sanggol na si Hesus â€Å"Para sa Berhing Maria† First LoveOur hero’s first love was Segunda, Segunda is the sister of Mariano which is also his classmate. Unfortunately Rizal and Segunda weren’t able to be together because Sugunda already has a boyfriend that time. Medical Student of University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882) Rizal go to medic al school at the University of Santo Tomas, his reason is that he wants to cure his mother that suffers from blindness. Rizal’s Love life Miss L – nobody knows the real and full name of Miss L. Leonor Valenzuela – also called as Orang. Leonor Rivera – Rizal doesn’t know that Leonor Rivera is his far away cousin.Education Abroad Rizal went to school abroad, he enrolled at different colleges at different countries. Exile and Courtship: In 1892, Rizal returned to the Philippines. He was almost immediately accused of being involved in the brewing rebellion, and was exiled to Dapitan, on the island of Mindanao. During that same period, the people of the Philippines grew more eager to revolt against the Spanish colonial presence. Inspired in part by Rizal's organization, La Liga, rebel leaders like Andres Bonifacio began to press for military action against the Spanish regime. Life In DapitanRizal became an inventor, a farmer ( he planted abacas ), a tea cher ( he teaches young boys to speak English ) and also a doctor ( ophthalmologist ), it is also here where he met Josephine Bracken, Josephine brought her stepfather for Rizal to cure, Rizal courted Josephine and even wrote a special poem just for the lady, then they decided to get married but they were not permitted because the government is still mad at Rizal. Trial and Execution: The Philippine Revolution broke out in 1896. Rizal denounced the violence, and received permission to travel to Cuba in order to tend victims of yellow fever in exchange for his freedom.Bonifacio and two associates sneaked aboard the ship to Cuba before it left the Philippines, trying to convince Rizal to escape with them, but Rizal refused. He was arrested by the Spanish on the way, taken to Barcelona, and then extradited to Manila for trial. Jose Rizal was tried by court martial, charged with conspiracy, sedition and rebellion. Despite a lack of any evidence of his complicity in the Revolution, Rizal was convicted on all counts and given the death sentence. He was allowed to marry Josephine two hours before his execution by firing squad on December 30, 1896. Jose Rizal was just 35 years old.

Dry Bones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dry Bones - Essay Example It would also seem that this subject may have been a victim of an accident with the hole occurring in the frontal lobe which is just under the browline. This person could also have been a subject of a lobotomy with respect to psychiatric assessment to deal with dementia. The scapular spine differences where the spine supports the acromion process; it divides the posterior surface of the scapula into a supraspinatous fossa and an infraspinatous fossa which may mean that this person was a deformed person through the shoulder bone malformities. Judging from the size of the femur bone, which gives us the approximate height of the person, being adult or child, it would seem that this was of an adolescent and quite possible pre-pubescent based on the narrow pelvis and outlet being small means that this was a female subject prior to any childbirth. Since the bone density is heavy, this subject has not been afflicted with any forms of osteoporosis which generally happens upon the onset of middle age or for women, during menopause.

Document analyzation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Document analyzation - Essay Example His life, thoughts and action can be seen, heard and read in his own works called the â€Å"General Outline of Measures for the Reconstruction of Japan.† The document that strongly advocated national distribution of wealth had given much hope followed by an intense longing for reforms by the poverty-stricken citizens of the pre-industrial era. It had its own dire effect and far-reaching consequences. The string of events prior to and on the day of the February 26, 1936 incident several years after his first mimeographed publication of the banned document had cost him his life when he was executed together with the conspirators of the military uprising. Kita’s daring attempts to overhaul the feudal system and disturb the status quo of the Japanese aristocracy is rarely mentioned in many historical accounts. Nonetheless, his death and the subsequent recognition of his ideas stirred the Japanese consciousness into treading the path of ultra-nationalism. The imminent build- up of a national frame of mind that has dealt Japan so much progress as it has given them grief and humiliation as an offshoot to its military adventurism and expansionist policy, most of which was believed to have taken roots from the minds of Kita. 2 In life and in death, Kita Ikki and the likes of him are just blatantly daring.

Future Development Trend of The Digital Imaging and Communications in Assignment

Future Development Trend of The Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Standard - Assignment Example The paper tells that the digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) standards keep changing every now and then, with the discovery of new medical practices and needs. Consequently, the future of DICOM standards is dynamic. Therefore, as the advances in technology and medical needs occur, they create a need for new items and procedures that will perfectly suit these new developments. With such needs, then, changes in the DICOM standards are inevitable, since the standards have to accommodate the new items and procedure requirements. For example, there is a need to have medical imaging objects that will support CT objects, as well as allow the visualization of such images in three dimensions. 2Since the medical imaging is changing towards multidimensional visualization, then, it is unavoidable for the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standards to follow suit and accommodate these changes. These changes in DICOM standards are likely to affect the equipm ent that is used presently in the medical imaging practice, by requiring such items to be replaced with the ones that accommodate the multi-dimensional visualization. The future of these standards points to a requirement for increased equipment integration.

ITM301 CA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ITM301 CA - Essay Example Following is the list and brief description of important strategies that a company should follow in order to ensure that its IT users get adequate technical support: 1. Consolidation of the help-function: It is a good strategy to keep your help-desk system consolidated in one geographical location in order to eliminate the misunderstandings over â€Å"who to call† and to decrease the requests of support staff from direct approaches. A consolidated help desk boosts improved communication between IT specialists that were previously working in distinct groups. It also helps in developing economies of scale in terms of equipment and data sharing. 2. Use of help-desk software or IT tools: There are a number of software packages (over 200 in the market) available that have customizable solutions for creating knowledge bases, expert systems, problem management and change management. Also, these IT tools are now supported with databases of problems already configured in the set-up CD- ROMs, which can be easily integrated into help-desk software. Examples of such help-desk software include LiveTime Support, WonderDesk SQL, Numara Footprints, IncidentMonitorâ„ ¢, Simple Help Desk etc. ... 3. Develop standard procedures for help-call cycle and communication: In order to have a good and competent technical support system, it is important that the organization defines standards both internally in terms of procedures and training of help desk staff via ISO 9000; and externally via the establishment of service-level agreements. 4. Performance Management: The performance of help-desk personnel should be measured and analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative data such as Call statistics (Call volume, call capture, call length, waiting times, resolution times, number of calls closed), Customer Feedback (by user surveys or random follow-up calls), Mystery caller (Tester questions posed anonymously and evaluated) and Benchmarking (by a consultancy company). 5. Encouraging Professionalism: To gauge and improve professionalism amongst the help-desk staff, it is important that they understand the need and value of their work. They should more than just â€Å"technical peop le† and be treated as any other employee of the company. Hence, the organization should invest in proper training, certification or national vocational qualification developed specifically for support staff. 6. Outsourcing: In cases of large multi-national corporations, it is often times cost-effective to outsource the help-desk division to another geography. The experience of some cases shows that, while there may be advantages to outsourcing, such a strategy must be used upon proper consideration and with care. Yes, the help desk or technical support personnel is a relevant case of socio-technical system where the usual scenario of work between the client (technology user), the help-desk personnel (IT user/problem solver) and

Project Management - Bubble Bee Case part 3 [sap21] Essay

Project Management - Bubble Bee Case part 3 [sap21] - Essay Example Perhaps the most significant value that understanding cash flow provided in six (6) months is in building investor confidence so that the capacity of the company to meet future operating expenses is determined. The Cash flow Bubble Bee ensures that every cash flow item happens at the acceptable seniority to items. Categories of cash flow items present Bubble Bee case with comparison of Cash flow Statement in the bubble gum Project Finance Model. Activities are budgeted depending on the needs and intensity of work. Trial procedure is more costly than logistics. During the first month, much of the cost went into product development and requirement and needs survey. The second month saw costs distributed to product development, trial and logistics. The sixth month had most of the costs going into compliance (food, drug and administration approval, product planning, protection and ramp up). The cash flow statement gives details that can be enthusiastically evaluated from an external investor’s dimension, whereas the cash flow bubble bee gives information that can be analyzed by the banks. The screenshot shows a higher level graphics of a cash flow statement. When categories are compared with the structure, the differences in costs and baselines can be identified. This ensures cash allocations are done according to item seniority and intensity. This is especially significant in scenario analysis or downside sensitivity in which the operating cash flows are highly stressed. The cash flow bubble bee also shows daily and weekly spending and calculates the net movement in the cash balance, within the project hence predicting cash closing balances. Including integrity checks to cost line signifies the possibility of Closing Cash Balance (Balance C/f) being negative. This is a critical element to project completion. Cash flows help in reinforcing integrity check which is added a project to funding by identifying negative cash balance which determines a practical

Quantitative methodology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Quantitative methodology - Assignment Example Quantitative research methods try to measure variables by assigning scores to them in order to ensure that they can be scaled easily. The root of quantitative research lies in the positivist research paradigm that believes everything happens due to causal relationship between variables by virtue of some fixed law. It is useful to use quantitative research particularly when researchers are trying to test hypothesis. It is quite useful to use quantitative research under certain circumstances. For instance, according to Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias (1992 cited in Johnson, 2001) quantitative research is particularly important when the research problem is very specific and the researcher wants to measure the outcome numerically. The quantitative research is important because it helps the researcher to set the dependent and the independent variables of the research and is able to show the exact nature and direction of relationship between the variables. In short it allows the researcher to explain the causal relationship between the variables. Balsley (1970) had pointed out that quantitative research is particularly useful as the researcher is able to establish internal and external validity of the data due to controlled observations, experiments and proper data cleaning techniques. Additionally, quantitative research is also able to eliminate subjectivity and bias from the research by eliminating human bias factor. There are two main methods of quantitative research designs namely experiential and non-experiential research. Experiential quantitative research focuses on natural science based approach and non-experiential quantitative research focus primarily on social sciences (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie & Turner, 2007). There are basically four main types of quantitative research namely descriptive, correlational, casual-comparative and true experimental. Descriptive quantitative research

The Role of Older Australians in Family Life Assignment

The Role of Older Australians in Family Life - Assignment Example Contrary to other countries which are giving little importance or no importance at all to older people, Australia recognizes the essential role that older people assume in the society. They specifically believe that older Australians play an active and significant role in family life. This recognition serves as a proof that Australians are indeed family-oriented. As such, for the purpose of this essay, the older Australian’s family life, living arrangements and inter-generational role shall be discussed. Also, the change of their roles and activities beyond eighty years of age shall be analyzed. Generally, when one reaches the old age, he or she is somehow considered as irrelevant to the economic growth of a community. One may base this argument on the fact that old people often retire from work and are eventually left at home. This consequence is viewed by some as disadvantageous to one’s family as well as to the government. The reason of which primarily revolves around the idea of â€Å"financial cost.† On the part of the family concerned, the presence of old people at home means â€Å"additional dependents.† With regard to the government’s side, an increase of the aging population which is higher than the rate of those newly born means lesser workforce and more funding for services like healthcare and medicine. In connection, Australia is observed to have been experiencing a problem with â€Å"aging population† (De Vaus, Gray & Stanton, 2003). For older Australians (aging sixty-five years and older), family life consists of two important matters, living arrangement, and inter-generational role.  

ECON100- Business Economics and the New Zealand Economy Assignment

ECON100- Business Economics and the New Zealand Economy - Assignment Example (b) Expenditure is a product of price and quantity. It possible for total expenditure on houses overall in Auckland to rise compared with expenditure on the earthquake reconstruction. This is because the demand (quantity) of houses sold will increase considerably as supply also is boosted. The reconstruction will reduce this increase since some people will be forced to go back to Christchurch due to work or other issues. The argument is based on principle of elasticity of supply and demand. The increase in demand and supply of houses in Auckland is the degree of responsiveness in relation to changes in price. I am the only T-shirts seller (supply low), revenue demand high and the potential customer identify am the only one with the T-shirt (demand high). According to the price elasticity of demand, the price is charged based on the change in quantity demand divided the percentage of change in the price demanded. Therefore, in this scenario the price will be relatively high due to high demand, low supply and profit margin requirements. The superior the price elasticity, the nearer a trader should price their products to competitive products and likewise. From the concept of price elasticity, having a pricing objective is not sufficient. There are other myriad factors considered prior to setting its prices, the customer may buy once and never come back. These factors comprise the demand, the offering’s costs, and the customers target needs. In addition, other factors such as the external environment including competition, the economy, and regulations. Other perspectives of the marke ting mix include the nature of the offering, its promotion and distribution. Price elasticity makes individual sensitivity to price alterations, interferes with the demand for the good. The decision to come up with the price is based on how consumer will respond to prices suggestions. i) In this consumption today and consumption in the future

How to Redesign a Classroom to Optimize Learning Experience Essay Example for Free

How to Redesign a Classroom to Optimize Learning Experience Essay The overall learning goal for us students is to grasp what the instructor teaches in class and gain extra knowledge and abilities through class discussion and interaction. To that end, it’s best to study in an optimal learning environment, so as to keep focused in class and avoid distraction from externals. We pay for the service – our learning experience, hoping to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of this kind of service. An optimal learning environment is beneficial to building a cohesive team in which members could communicate with each other, and to encouraging interactions among all the students and the professor. Through observation of major students behaviors, I find that the current physical environment in our classroom was somewhat defective. The following key points are summarized as major gaps or pitfalls in the current environment. Late Arrivals: I find that most of the students arrive in the classroom ahead of or on time. However, some may be late and walk in across the stage, thus distracting other’s attention in class. Uncomfortable Chairs: The pad on each seat can make annoying noise when we unfold it. This will distract other students’ attention, especially those who sit near the moving pads. Various Seating Preferences: students are seated randomly, most of students like to seat in the front row, and the outer of rows, leaving some seats in the middle empty, so the best capacity in the room isn’t fully utilized. Randomly seating also results in inconvenience for some group members to sit together. Inconvenient Seating Arrangement: the space between rows is narrow, so it’s not convenient for students to walk through and it’s always noisy to move the small pads connected to the seats. Moreover, it’s such a long row that it would be inconvenient and a waste of time to walk through one side to the middle or the other end. Less Efficient Equipment Blackboard and Projector: For those seating in the side areas and in the rear, the visibility of the projector isn’t so good. Similarly, when the professor writes on one side of the blackboard, those who seat in the other side have difficulty in reading the handwriting. Dim Lighting: the lighting in the classroom is a little dark that it’s easy for us to fall asleep. The arrangement of lights in the roof isn’t so rational that sometimes we can’t see the blackboards because of light reflecting. Insufficient Ventilation: The windows in the back are closed all the time and the air conditioning always creates an environment that is too cold or hot and dry. Students usually don’t feel very comfortable when there’re too many students in the classroom. Difficult Access to the Classroom: More often, only one door is open to the classroom, thus restricting students’ access to the classroom to only one way. Those who can’t find a seat near the door can only go the other side, and this would distract other’s attention. Besides, once the door is locked, the students can’t open it from outside, requiring help from those in the classroom. The above-mentioned points about the seating and facilities in the classroom would present unfavorable impacts on our learning experience. So a new layout of the classroom is required to help enhance our learning environment. Here I categorize the objectives into four points as the conceptual design principles. * To make full use of the 75 minutes in class, which means there’s no or little disruption during class. * Perfect seating arrangement to facilitate easy access and smooth movement. * Minimum discipline required relating to seating arrangement so that everyone will feel comfortable when in class. * Make facilities, such as blackboard and projector, lighting, acoustics, and walls, conducive to learning experience. (b) What specific improvement would your proposed redesign help accomplish? Generally speaking, students will learn best in a clean, comfortable, and quiet environment where there are no external disruptions and noises. So we need a positive classroom climate to allow us to meet the basic needs of physical and mental health. The following session is about the recommendations I make to help alleviate the gaps and thus enhance the learning experience. Physically Comfortable Chairs: We could improve the quality of the chairs by signing contracts with those chair-makers who could provide user-friendly chairs. That is to say, the activity space for writing and putting stuffs would be larger, and it’s best for the chairs to be soundless when we unfold the pads with them. Easy Access Seating Arrangements: I will redesign the current layout of the seats by dividing all these seats into four columns and four rows. There could be four seats per column for the middle two columns, and the other two sides columns could have five or six seats each. The distance between each row could be larger so as to allow sufficient space for individuals to learn. This kind of design could enable students to access to the seats easily without disturbing others much. The professor could also make minimum requirements that those who come early seat in the middle, thus those who are late for class could seat in the sided columns without distracting others. More importantly, since a team is usually composed of four persons, it’s also convenient for groups to sit together. Additionally, in this way, students will seat together more compactly, facilitating discussion among teachers and students. Larger Projector Screen and High-tech Handwriting: It would be best to widen the projector screen in this rectangular room. As I mentioned above, for those seat in the sides and rear, it’s hard to recognize some important contents in the slides projected on the screen (e. g. numbers, charts). Enlarging the projector screen would surely enhance the visibility of projector and hence improve our learning experience. Meanwhile, I noticed that sometimes the handwriting of the professor is hard to read. And those sitting aside couldn’t see the notes in the blackboard clearly. So I recommend that the professor use high-tech product such as the pad or IBM’s tablet-based pen, by which the professor could write on the screen of the laptop and it could then be projected in the blackboard screen. With enlarged screen, the visibility of handwriting could also be enhanced. Bright Lighting and â€Å"Audiovisual Scenario†: We need to add more electrical lights in our classroom and rearrange the light distribution. However, the lights couldn’t be too bright to harm the eyes and result in reflecting. More importantly, we need to consider the illuminance levels according to daylight, glaring and uniformity. Another thing we need to take into account is the lighting requirements for video images. So it’s best for us to have two distinctly lighting setups: a â€Å"bright† classroom with appropriate illuminance throughout the classroom, and an †audiovisual† scenario that limits light on the screen to a suitable level when we see vedios in class. Warm Color of walls: Choosing the right color for classroom walls is conducive to learning experience. The right pain color of the wall can transform a distracted environment into a focused space. White is a traditional color, but it could undermine the learning environment of the classroom. It reflects most of the lights that hits it, and could be harsh and exhaust our eyes. While taupe and cream colors of wall would be warmer, and could help students more focused. Evidence also shows that warm colors such as taupe and cream can stimulate creativity. Using different colors on the wall where there’re some facilities so as to remind the professor and students of the purpose of them. For example, the background color of the walls on which there are hangers could be light blue or purple, colors which can also help you relaxed and calmed. Optimized Ventilation: The method of distributing outdoor air in classroom has a positive impact on indoor air quality and thermal comfort of students. So it would be better if students could open the windows in the back wall when the class is finished. And students who come for the next class could close the windows before class, letting fresh air come in for 15-20 minutes. Moreover, It’s best to leave the two doors to the classroom open. On the one hand, it could expedite the flow rate of air and enhance the ventilation and exchange effectiveness. On the other hand, leaving two doors open would facilitate those late arrivals to find seats in the sides, so that they don’t need to go straightly in front of the teacher, thus diminishing distraction. External Diminished Noise and Distraction: Since the walls in the classroom are already sound proof, we don’t need to worry about the noise from outside. The major noise created by late arrivals to move through seats could be addressed through the new layout of seats and improved seat quality. Hence, students would be more focused in class. Clean Environment and Safety Facilities: Basically, a clean environment in the classroom is a must for students to gain the best learning experience. Students should be required to take with them the trashes after class, and the cleaners also need to tide the classrooms more frequently. Furthermore, It’s best to check the safety facilities in the classroom such as the fire alarm on a regular basis, say, twice a month. Because students will be relieved when they know they are learning in a safe place. In sum, the above-mentioned rearrangements are all considered to be physically, emotionally and academically favorable to the learning experience in this classroom. Once students are physically comfortable with the environment they are in, they will be emotionally focused on what they are learning and talking. Moreover, the academically improved learning equipment could maximize the learning experience the students would go through.

The oldest forms of energy

The oldest forms of energy 1 Introduction: Solar Energy Solar energy is one of the oldest forms of energy on the planet. Rays emitted from the sun are responsible for sustaining all life forms on the planet. Solar energy uses the sun as a source of heat by concentrating the heat via various methods and using those methods to channel through a heat engine and produce power. Because of this, solar thermal power generation is very much like traditional forms of power generation due to the combustion of fossil fuels, which also need the heat engines as a catalyst for the conversion into energy. It is always renewable and will never be exhausted as long as the planet and sun are present. However, the initial cost of startup for the heat engines is expensive, but over time the savings actually outweigh the initial startup fees, making this a significant choice in promoting a cleaner option for energy usage (SOLAR ENERGY n.d.). This is not a new technique. Although it is documented that the first patent for a solar collection device was given to Germany in 1907, the first real effort to actually use the sun as a heat source did not begin until the infamous oil crises of the 1970s. Even after the first plants were constructed in California during the 1980s, the funding for solar energy development dried up due to the fact cheaper methods could be found, although some of them might not be as environmentally friendly (Poullikkas 2009). Because of the global warming crisis issue during the past several years combined with insanely erratic oil and gas prices, this method of energy is now being revisited as a potential means to help meet the needs of the current energy crisis. There have recently been several proposed projects and there is a strong possibility that solar energy can finally become mainstream as a renewable energy resource, along with wind, water, and solar photovoltaic technologies (Poullikkas 2009). 2: Review of Article Andreas Poullikkas (2009) investigated the economic feasibility of the installation of a parabolic trough solar thermal system for energy generation throughout the Mediterranean region. In his article, Economic analysis of power generation from parabolic trough solar thermal plants for the Mediterranean region- A case study for the island of Cyprus, all variables concerning the potential for Cyprus, as well as all of the available data pertinent to renewable energy sources dealing with the policy of the Cyprus government were taken into account. A method of cost-analysis was used to show the differences between energy output with and without the solar plants and also to show the differences in carbon dioxide level output and fossil fuel emissions. The area of Cyprus was chosen as a research site due to the fact there are no hydrocarbon energy sources and it is almost one hundred percent dependent on imported fossil fuels. The solar energy in the area is used mostly for the heating of water. Current estimates show about 90% of the homes, 80% of the apartments, and 50% of the hotels have solar-water heating systems, thus causing Cyprus to actually be the first country in the world with the most installed solar collectors per person (Cyprus Institute of Energy 2009). In order to fully understand the rationale behind the study, we must understand the different types of solar energy available. There are two major markets for solar energy, the photovoltaic and the solar thermal. The solar thermal market actually uses the heat emitted from the sun to heat water or generate power. The photovoltaic market consists of solar cells which use the properties of different materials to change sunlight into electricity (Poullikkas 2009). The three forms of solar radiation systems currently available are parabolic trough systems, solar tower systems, and solar dish systems. For the purpose of this article, we will concentrate on the parabolic trough systems and the cost effectiveness of using the systems in the Cyprus area. When many of these parabolic troughs are lined together, it forms a power plant, which then is responsible for holding the heating fluid inside the pipes, moving it along the range of pipes into a generator to produce the electricity, which is the end product. The process continues in a cycle as long as there is solar power from which to collect the heating fluid to store inside the trough pipes. The significant drawback for this type of energy production is that the troughs are large in physical size and expensive, thus having an impact on the overall initial economics of the plant (Garcia-Rodrigueza and Blanco-Galvezb 2007). The most important consideration for a solar thermal power plant is the land mass required to hold all of the equipment for sufficient energy production. There is little evidence due to under usage of this solar technology to make an educated guess at the land space required for such a plant to be constructed (Poullikkas 2009). The requirements for the amount of land needed, as researchers currently estimate, depends on the amount of sunlight potential as well as the amount of integrated thermal storage. Current numbers figure a space of approximately 25m/kW if there is no thermal storage integration (Poullikkas 2009). Researchers also believe the electricity produced from a parabolic solar thermal power plan is dependent on the amount of sunlight as well as the number of hours the plant is in operation and the degree of thermal storage. The research conducted in this article shows a direct proportion in the increase of solar energy collection with an increase of the size and number of plant troughs. Therefore, the bigger the plant, the more electricity it will produce. After research was completed and figures were calculated via a parametric cost-benefit analysis, it was decided that, overall, the installation of a solar thermal system for the Mediterranean region would be profitable and economically feasible, but only under certain circumstances. Depending on the physical size of the plant, how much storage capacity is available, the initial startup cost, and the costs involved with purchasing land would all have to be factored in with each separate situation. Thus, there is no standard answer fo r the world (Poullikkas 2009). 3: What the Future Holds The best model of solar plant would include building based on the parabolic troughs, but beside a combined cycle power plant, which would be called an integrated solar combined cycle plant. This type of configuration would burn natural gas to produce electricity. The heat from the turbine exhaust would be fed into a heat boiler and would generate steam to drive the steam generator portion of the plant. Heat from solar energy being collected would be used to help supplement the heat from the turbine exhaust and would increase the output from the steam turbine section. There actually are plants being built in Morocco, Algeria and Egypt which rely on this integrated electrical technology to produce greater masses of electricity, yet decrease the emissions of fossil fuels and carbon dioxide output (Promotion and consolidation of all RTD activities for renewable distributed generation technologies in the Mediterranean region 2009). There are actually a minimal number of solar thermal power plans both under construction and already in operation around the world (Concentrating solar power for the Mediterranean region 2009). The Solar Electric Generating System, which contains nine solar power plants, is located in the Mohave Desert in California. The energy from solar power is utilized at night from the burning of natural gas, but about ninety percent of electricity from this plant is directly produced from the sun. Nevada Solar One is located in El Dorado Valley, Nevada, and is based on the parabolic trough technology discussed earlier in this article. There is a gas heater for back -up production in the case of solar energy not being sufficient to meet the demand. PS10 is based on solar tower technology and is located in Sanlucar de Mayor, Spain. It is the first solar tower plant to begin commercialization of electrical generation in the world (Concentrating solar power for the Mediterranean region 2009). Andasol 1 and Andasol 2 are solar thermal plants which are identical in physical appearance and operation. They are scheduled to begin operations soon and will be Europes first solar thermal parabolic trough power plants. Solnova 1 is also under construction and is located in Sanlucar de Mayor, Spain. It, too, is based upon the parabolic trough technology. There are other solar energy projects underway. In the field of photovoltaic research and development, new materials will be made and altered to further enhance the emission rays of the sunlight in order to get the most energy from solar light possible. It is speculated that a 10 x 15 mile area of desert land could actually provide citizens with over 20,000 megawatts of power. For this United States, this is a positive idea. It could potentially mean providing an area of 100 miles on each side of this desert with photovoltaic solar power. This would drastically cut emissions and harm to the environment (Solar History Timeline: The Future 2006). 4: Discussion Solar energy and other renewable resources are needed at this very moment in order to cut greenhouse emissions and help with the general health of the environment and its people. However, based on the above article, it seems there is much more research and investigation to do. The research done thus far has been positive for the most part, but cost analysis is a significant factor in the decision making process. Many smaller countries are not going to be able to afford the extra capital in order to help their corner of the Earth, even if they have all of the right conditions. It will be up to the world leaders of more developed countries such as Europe, the United States, and others, to help contribute to this globalisation process. Poullikkas article does indeed give the public a good representation of the various types of solar power systems available to us and how each would be effective under our own unique set of conditions. What the article seems to fall short on, though, is a definite answer. Apparently, at this point in time, there is not one. There are only ongoing research studies and various solar power models in different parts of the world demonstrating how the generation of electricity actually would benefit society in a cleaner and more productive way. Perhaps in the next decade research will have come much farther and there will be many other ways renewable resources could be used to meet the energy demands of our growing world. References Concentrating solar power for the Mediterranean region. 2009. http://www.desertec.org (accessed December 31, 2009). Cyprus Institute of Energy. 2009. http://www.cie.org.cy (accessed December 31, 2009). Garcia-Rodrigueza, L, and J Blanco-Galvezb. Solar-heated Rankine cycles for water and electricity production: POWERSOL project. Desalination, 2007: 311-319. Poullikkas, Andreas. Economic analysis of power generation from parabolic trough solar thermal plants for the Mediterranean Region- A case study for the island of Cyprus. Renewable and Sustanainable Energy Reviews, 2009: 2474-2484. Promotion and consolidation of all RTD activities for renewable distributed generation technologies in the Mediterranean region. 2009. http://www.distres.eu (accessed December 31, 2009). SOLAR ENERGY. http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/solar/solar.htm (accessed December 31, 2009). Solar History Timeline: The Future. January 5, 2006. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar_time_future.html (accessed December 31, 2009).

Machiavelli The Prince Political Discourse Politics Essay

Machiavelli The Prince Political Discourse Politics Essay Niccolà ² Machiavelli an Italian who lived between (3 May 1469 21 June 1527). He was a great philosopher who combined philosophy with authoring (Dehsen, 1999). Niccolo Machiavelli is also considered one of the chief creators of the contemporary political science. Machiavelli The Prince is a political discourse written jointly by the Italian community servant and a political philosopher Niccolà ² Machiavelli. At first Machiavelli The Prince was known as De Principatibus or About Principalities. Machiavelli The Prince was first put in black and white way back in the year 1513. However, The Prince never was then published until the year 1532 (Anglo, 2005). This was exactly a period of five years subsequent to the death of Niccolo Machiavelli. The Prince was actually one of the primary works of contemporary philosophy. In modern philosophy unlike old theories emphases is placed on pragmatic ends and not just teleological concepts. The practical end is therefore the principal purpose for current philosophy. In fact among Niccolo Machiavellis writings, the treatise is the most bore in mind. Apparently, it is also the one in charge for getting Machiavellian into extensive use as a derogatory term. Machiavellis The Prince has made a great input into the account of political deliberation and offers the fundamental departure between political pragmatism and political impracticality. Niccolà ² Machiavellis The Prince duly exposits and illustrates the arts through which a ruler, the prince himself can sustain control of his territory (Roger Masters, 1996). It mainly gives attention to the new prince, beneath the presupposition that an inherited prince has no challenges on the throne, but rather an easier assignment in ruling. Machiavelli writes so since the subjects are quite accustomed to the prince. To hold on to power, the inherited prince is obliged to vigilantly uphold the socio-political establishments to which the subjects are used to; while a new-fangled prince has the extra complicated chore in ruling, given that he is taxed to foremost calm down his power so as to put up a lasting political structure (Roger Masters (1996). That task does require the new prince to be a ci vic stature whose repute and characters are beyond reproach. At the same time, the prince is required to secretly act amorally in order to accomplish the State set targets and goals. Very proper examples include the princes who to a large extent successfully acquire and retain power, obtain from his remarks as a Florentine ambassador, and his antique history interpretations; hence, the Latin terms and typical examples. Machiavellis The Prince promptly looks at the acquirement, upholding, as well as usage of political supremacy in the civilized world. As a matter of fact, Machiavelli put in writing The Prince to provide evidence his expertise in the skill of the country, giving guidance on the modalities that a prince can employ so as to obtain and at the same time keep power. In The Prince Machiavelli actually validated rule by force to a good extent than by law. As a result, The Prince appears to rationalize a number of actions done solely to perpetuate power. It is a classic study of power-its acquisition, expansion, and effective use. In the The Prince the prince never sends away morals, in lieu, it politically describes Morality as in the decisive factor for up to standard cruel exploit. It has got to be influential. It should actually bear such features as being quick, effective, and efficient as well as short-lived (Whelan, Frederick, 2004). Niccolo Machiavelli is quite aware and conscious of the quirk of fate of good outcomes emanating from wicked actions; in spite of some explanatory subject matter. In fact that is why the Catholic Church did prohibit The Prince. As a discourse, the primary scholastic input to the record of political thinking is really the elemental crack between political practicality and political impracticality (Whelan, Frederick, 2004). As a result, The Prince is actually an instruction booklet to get ones hands on and maintenance of the desirable political power. However, conventional idyllic society is not the sole aim of the princes eagerness to power. As a philosopher and a political scientist, Machiavelli does emphasize essential, logical exercise of boastful force punishment as well as recompense like patronage in order to safeguard and maintain the status quo. The opinion expanded on by Niccolo Machiavelli in The Prince might look as if it is tremendous even for the period of time in which they were authored. Nevertheless, the entire life of Machiavelli was used up in Florence. Then, there was an uninterrupted political conflict. For that reason, Machiavelli does emphasize for the needs for steadiness in the principality of the prince. The territory of the prince is at risk with regard to its preservation. The hypotheses articulated in The Prince expresses techniques that a would-be prince can use to attain the throne, or an existing prince can use to maintain his reign. According to Machiavelli, the supreme ethical good is a righteous and unwavering state, as well as dealings to look after the realm is for that reason warranted even if they seem are malicious. Machiavelli sturdily put forward, though, that the prince ought not to be loathed. He says, a wise prince should establish himself on that which is his own control and not in that of others; he must endeavor to avoid hatred, as is noted. (Constitution.org) Indeed in the opening discussion of The Prince, there is clear definition of effective and efficient methods of governing or controlling the subject in quite a number of sorts of principalities. For instance a newly attained versus hereditary acquired territories. In fact, Machiavelli does put in plain words to the reader, the Magnificent Lorenzo de Medici an associate of the Florentine Medici relations and honestly the best ways to obtain, sustain, and by extension defend a country. The schemes illustrated within bears the broad-spectrum theme of attaining needed trimmings by any possible means. Machiavelli spins to the ways a country can demonstrate aggression on the others terrains and/or defend itself. According to Machiavelli, the two most prominent and essential brass tacks for any stable nation, whether ancient or fresh, are ample laws and regulations and tough armed forces. An autonomous prince is that who can counters any adversary on the combat zone. However, a prince that depends entirely on buttresses or just on the assist of others and by annex stands on the protective is not self-reliant. If the prince cannot at all lift up a strong formidable defense force, other than relying on security, he is required to make stronger his city (Whelan, Frederick, 2004). Machiavelli firmly believes that a well-fortified city or territory is not likely to be hit, and if in any case it is attacked, nearly all armies will fail to withstand an unmitigated cordon or siege and subsequently withdraw or surrender. On the other hand, during a blockade a good prince will carry on the sp irits of his people as well as military high while getting rid of all dissidents. as a consequence, so long as the city or territory is appropriately safeguarded and by extension has adequate supplies for basic necessities, an astute prince can withstand and subdue any cordon. In The Prince, Machiavelli strongly argues and by extension stands in opposition to the usage of mercenaries to secure and defend territory. He believes firmly that the mercenaries are quite useless to any ruler who is worth his salt. He carries this since the mercenaries are considered as unlimitedly undisciplined, gutless, and further still possess limited or no loyalty at all. Moreover, Machiavelli sates that the mercenaries are in most situations being motivated merely by money and not that real urge to fight and even die for ones country. They really lack genuine loyalty and can grossly betray the course of a worthy conquerable fight. Machiavelli characterizes the weakness of the Italian municipality to their absolute reliance and trust on the disloyal mercenary armies (Sullivan, Vickie, 1996). In fact according to him, a prince should have a well recruited army whose loyalty is pocketed by the prince and extensively his subordinate. Machiavelli is completely convinced that hire armies in the name of mercenaries must not be depended upon by a state as this will jeopardize the live of the subjects. As a matter of addition, Machiavelli further cautions in opposition to using back up forces, rented troops or even those borrowed from close collaborator, for the simple reason that if they end up winning a battle, then the employer will subsequently be in their act of kindness and yet if they are defeated, the employer will totally be ruined and unable to command them. Such situation is quite dangerous as it imperils the states stability and it is the subjects who bear the brand. According to Machiavelli auxiliary forces in all cases are more perilous than even the mercenary armies since they are usually solidly united and managed by accomplished commanders who may perhaps turn against the employer who is the prince. They are normally difficult to tame and are at free end to the extent that they can go against the grain and claim the throne or cause a coup. In The Prince Machiavelli do observes that the most important apprehension for a ruler, the prince, should actually be battle, or to that effect preparation for the same. He says that war enables a heritable prince to keep up his power and/or an ordinary citizen to ascend to the throne and duly take control of a state. In that regard, Machiavelli promptly recommends that a prince have got to recurrently hunt or track in order to physically keep his body in shape and at the same time gain knowledge of the scenery which surrounds his sovereignty (Sullivan, Vickie, 1996).. The physical body robust and knowledge of the surrounding terrain are of essence to a prince. He claims that via this, the prince can preeminently become skilled and knowledgeable at how and when to secure and protect his territory and further press forward upon others similar if not the same. To Machiavelli, this is like killing two birds or more with a single stone. Machiavelli advances further that for a rational s trength, the prince is give a piece of advice to learn great military men like Alexander The Great in order to emulate their methodologies and achievements and further still steer clear of their mistakes (Sullivan, Vickie, 1996). He says that a prince who is adequately diligent in periods of peace and tranquility will be geared up in times of hardship. In fact, Machiavelli notes, thus, when fortune turns against him he will be prepared to resist it. In The Prince Machiavelli writes that when and if a prince ascends to the throne via luck and/or through the consents of powerful societal figures contained by a given regime, he actually has an trouble-free time attaining power. He cautions, however, that such acquired powers do offer the prince an enormous challenge to absolutely take control of the subjects and the army. He says that the prince will encounter hard time keeping the power thereafter, for the reason that his power is merely dependent on his backers benevolence which Machiavelli describes as a changeable thing at best. This is so because the ultimate prince will fail to command and acquire the absolute loyalty of the armies as well as officials he badly needs in order to stamp and uphold his authority (Sullivan, Vickie1996). Unfortunately, Machiavelli notes that these authorities if in any case such a prince assumes them then they can be withdrawn from him at any time and at a whim. In addition, Machiavelli states tha t since he ascended to the throne the effortless way, it is without certainty that such a leader has due necessary skills, knowledge or wisdom as well as strength to stand and position himself on his own feet as a leader. On the other hand, Machiavelli says that a prince who on his own rises by causing the downfall of the existing regime has a tough time getting higher. However, such a prince is able to rule with ease thereafter. Machiavelli hints that such a prince has sufficient guts to clear out and away his enemies. That he is also able to forge treaties on his own conditions and terms and by extension earns more recognition and respect. According to The Prince, improving an existing regime is actually one of the main treacherous and easier said than done things a ruler can do. Machiavelli writes that this is partly due to the fact that citizens are of course resistant by nature to change and /or reform, either sudden or gradual (Soll Jacob, 2005) . Partly there is enormous resistance since the beneficiaries of the old government will with all their strength resist passionately using the people and their resources. They will spread propaganda and intoxicate peoples mind. At the same time those who stand a chance or more to gain from any new regime will be of assistance to such a prince only half-heartedly. They will bear divide loyalty. This is for the most part due to the reformers lack of authenticity, and to some noticeable degree it is difficult for populace to readily believe and trust in an anticipated government that they have not practiced for themselves. What is more, it is obviously pragmatically not possib le for the leader (prince) to meet and deliver everyones glowingly huge prospects (Sullivan, Vickie 1996). . Without doubt, the prince will sadly let down some of his staunch supporters. Machiavelli in The Prince gives immediate solution to this. He says it is possible the prince counters this. All he needs to do in this case is for the prince to have the means and ways to oblige and compel his cohorts to maintain their support for him even at the time they begin having second opinions (Soll, Jacob, 2005). In such a situation in Machiavellis point of view it is only well armed diviners who thrive in getting necessary long lasting change. In the Prince, Machiavelli also mention regarding the behavior and conduct of the mighty prince particularly toward his subjects. Machiavelli states (Whelan, Frederick, 2004) : Men have imagined republics and principalities that never really existed at all. Yet the way men live is so far removed from the way they ought to live that anyone who abandons what is for what should be pursues his downfall rather than his preservation; for a man who strives after goodness in all his acts is sure to come to ruin, since there are so many men who are not good. In view of the fact that there are countless possible qualities and characters that a prince can be associated with and be said to enjoy, the prince has not to be exaggeratedly apprehensive regarding having wholly the good qualities. In addition, a prince may perhaps seem to be compassionate, kind, true to life, humanitarian, forthright, and even religious (Brian, 2001). A prince should only give such impression to have such qualities. They do not have to be authentically possessed by the prince. He just needs to give a hint of having, but not necessarily does he need to have them anyway. In The Prince, a prince can not strictly have such qualities and characters for the simple reason that at certain periods it is of essence for the prince to act against them for the good of all the subjects. Even though an awful repute ought to be evaded, it is not fundamental in smooth governance and maintaining power (Brian, 2001). The only ethic and moral that matters here are indeed one that is quite of assistance to the prince in particular when he is dealing with matters of concern to the state. Machiavelli emphatically declares in The Prince that dedications which are made in times of peace and tranquility are not always reserved in adversity. However, such devotion made in fright is reserved out of fright. And yet, a prince is tasked to guarantee that he is never dreaded to the level of hatred, which is quite possible.

Photochemical Smog :: essays research papers fc

Photochemical Smog Historically, the term smog referred to a mixture of smoke and fog, hence the name smog. The industrial revolution has been the central cause for the increase in pollutants in the atmosphere over the last three centuries. Before 1950, the majority of this pollution was created from the burning of coal for energy generation, space heating, cooking, and transportation. Under the right conditions, the smoke and sulfur dioxide produced from the burning of coal can combine with fog to create industrial smog. In high concentrations, industrial smog can be extremely toxic to humans and other living organisms. London is world famous for its episodes of industrial smog. The most famous London smog event occurred in December, 1952 when five days of calm foggy weather created a toxic atmosphere that claimed about 4000 human lives. Today, the use of other fossil fuels, nuclear power, and hydroelectricity instead of coal has greatly reduced the occurrence of industrial smog. However, the burning of fossil fuels like gasoline can create another atmospheric pollution problem known as photochemical smog. Photochemical smog is a condition that develops when primary pollutants (oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds created from fossil fuel combustion) interact under the influence of sunlight to produce a mixture of hundreds of different and hazardous chemicals known as secondary pollutants. Development of photochemical smog is typically associated with specific climatic conditions and centers of high population density. Cities like Los Angeles, New York, Sydney, and Vancouver frequently suffer episodes of photochemical smog. One way in which the production of photochemical smog is initiated is through the photochemical reaction of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to form ozone. There are many sources of photochemical smog, including vehicle engines (the number one cause of photochemical smog), industrial emissions, and area sources (the loss of vapors from small areas such as a local service station, surface coatings and thinners, and natural gas leakage). Vehicle engines, which are extremely numerous in all parts of the world, do not completely burn the petroleum they use as fuel. This produces nitrogen dioxide which is released through the vehicle exhaust along with a high concentration of hydrocarbons. The absorption of solar radiation by the nitrogen dioxide results in the formation of ozone (O3). Ozone reacts with many different hydrocarbons to produce a brownish-yellow gaseous cloud which may contain numerous chemical compounds, the combination of which, we call photochemical smog. Both types of smog can greatly reduce visibility. Even more importantly, they pose a serious threat to our health. They form as a result of extremely high concentrations of pollutants that are trapped near the surface by a temperature

Essay --

Schaefer, Ashleigh Ling 325 Professor Mathis Part 1: Annotated Bibliography: Gender Stereotypes in Subject Matter 1. Cvencek, D. , Meltzoff, A. , & Greenwald, A. (2011). Math–gender stereotypes in elementary school children. Child Development, 82(3), 766-779. Gà ¶mleksiz, M. (2012). This article focuses on the connection between one’s perception of their own gender and how it affects their belief of cultural stereotypes placed on their gender. Cveneck, Meltzoof, and Greenwald examined various children, 126 girls and 121 boys, between the ages of 6-10 in elementary school by giving the children Implicit Association tests and along with having them provide self-reports to see if their perception of gender affected their ideas of certain subject matters in the school. The self-reports asked the children questions regarding gender identity, gender stereotypes, and their self-concept. This article focuses on examining the cultural stereotypes about math. Their research focuses on the stereotype that â€Å"math is for boys†. Cvencek, Meltzoff, and Greenwald argue that this is because their self-concept is a â€Å"I am a female† along with the cultural stereotype that â€Å"math is for boys† tends to lead females to the belief that â€Å" I am a girl therefore I’m not good at math†. Cveneck, Meltzoof, and Greenwald had the children take a quiz on the computer. For each question the children were provided with a statement then asked to choose whether or not the male or female character possessed the aforementioned attributes. Once the children chose which character/gender possessed the attribute they were then asked whether or not their selected character possessed this characteristic â€Å"a little† or â€Å"a lot†. The second part of the study involved childre... ...eresting about their research was that it showed even at a young age girls tend to believe â€Å"math is for boys†. This suggests that the language used in regards to subject matter and gender is ingrained in young minds from a young age. Since math is a learned skill males and females should both have the ability to excel in the subject mater. However, cultural stereotypes regarding math as a primarily male domain run deep and hold females back. It was interesting to see the statements both genders related to in the studies. These articles suggest that gender stereotyping with subject matter is nurture based. If females didn’t hear from a young age that â€Å"math is for boys† then perhaps they could enter the subject matter in a confident manner. Overall, these articles follow the generalizations seen throughout the semester about the differences between females and males.

Leoh Ming Pei & Eero Saarinen :: Art

Leoh Ming Pei & Eero Saarinen The architects that I am comparing came from two different parts of the world and yet, in some ways the message(s) behind their work and the incorporation of engineering, geometrical and sculptural elements into their designs and their new identity as â€Å"Americans† brings them closer together. Leoh Ming Pei was born in Canton, China in 1917 and came to the United States for his further education. Because of his fathers influence on him, who always encouraged Pei in designing, he attended MIT and it was finally in Harvard that he got his architectural degree. Being brought up in a different culture also had an impact in his design for his approach towards it was different from most of his American classmates whose approaches towards design were mostly very traditional. At Harvard, Le Corbussier’s â€Å"Expressive Modernism† influenced him in his use of simple geometric shapes and forms. Gropius also had a great deal of influence on Pei for he developed a reliance on abstract form and materials such as stone, concrete, glass and steel and later developed his own approach to design in which he exhibits interest in the Avant Garde. My next architect is (1910- 1961) who was born in Finland, a son of an architect father and a sculptor and architectural model-maker mother. His parents’ professions influenced him very much into being an architect and he enrolled in Cranbrok Institute of Architecture and also Yale University after his family moved to the United States. He also went to Europe for a year to study sculpture and over there, he was greatly influenced by the sculptors there of that time and this sculptural influence is seen in almost every one of his designs. Like Pei, he was also a first generation American and having being brought up in a different country also had a great impact on the way he looked at design and his concepts towards it. After he finished his architectural degree, he developed a theory of treating architecture as sculpture, an engineering monument and three-dimensional geometry. I have to say Pei’s Grand Louvre Pyramid In France and Saarinen’s TWA terminal in New York have both been figures of splendor, admiration, and equally-- controversy. Both structures have sculptural and engineering elements in them and both incorporate modern materials into their design. Even the concepts as to why they look the way they are just as intriguing. Leoh Ming Pei & Eero Saarinen :: Art Leoh Ming Pei & Eero Saarinen The architects that I am comparing came from two different parts of the world and yet, in some ways the message(s) behind their work and the incorporation of engineering, geometrical and sculptural elements into their designs and their new identity as â€Å"Americans† brings them closer together. Leoh Ming Pei was born in Canton, China in 1917 and came to the United States for his further education. Because of his fathers influence on him, who always encouraged Pei in designing, he attended MIT and it was finally in Harvard that he got his architectural degree. Being brought up in a different culture also had an impact in his design for his approach towards it was different from most of his American classmates whose approaches towards design were mostly very traditional. At Harvard, Le Corbussier’s â€Å"Expressive Modernism† influenced him in his use of simple geometric shapes and forms. Gropius also had a great deal of influence on Pei for he developed a reliance on abstract form and materials such as stone, concrete, glass and steel and later developed his own approach to design in which he exhibits interest in the Avant Garde. My next architect is (1910- 1961) who was born in Finland, a son of an architect father and a sculptor and architectural model-maker mother. His parents’ professions influenced him very much into being an architect and he enrolled in Cranbrok Institute of Architecture and also Yale University after his family moved to the United States. He also went to Europe for a year to study sculpture and over there, he was greatly influenced by the sculptors there of that time and this sculptural influence is seen in almost every one of his designs. Like Pei, he was also a first generation American and having being brought up in a different country also had a great impact on the way he looked at design and his concepts towards it. After he finished his architectural degree, he developed a theory of treating architecture as sculpture, an engineering monument and three-dimensional geometry. I have to say Pei’s Grand Louvre Pyramid In France and Saarinen’s TWA terminal in New York have both been figures of splendor, admiration, and equally-- controversy. Both structures have sculptural and engineering elements in them and both incorporate modern materials into their design. Even the concepts as to why they look the way they are just as intriguing.

Duck, Duck, God Essay

The premise of the â€Å"Duck Dynasty† reality program is duck, duck, God. The Christian based series revolves around the Robertson family and their duck- call business. The series is entertaining and honestly meets my Christian ethics better than any other show on television. First on the agenda is the introduction to the Duck Commander crew then the connection between my values and the Robertson families’ ethics concerning prayer, respect, and family unity. Phil Robertson invented and perfected the world-famous product throughout a thirty-year period. Phil and Miss Kay are the parents of four sons two of which have served in Christian Ministry professionally God-fearing and family-oriented is the best way to describe the crew. Truly, God has blessed the loving family in a million ways. The television show did influence my view of what family is; therefore, this prompted me to investigate the redneck family. â€Å"Duck Dynasty† is clean family entertainment. The Robertson’s boldly express their Christian conviction both on and off camera according to The Christian Chronicle (Ross Jr.2012.) The Ten Commandments are used as a rulebook at the Duck Commander. The small family ran business is a wildly successful. The glory of the Duck Commander is given to the Lord. The strong Christian credence took hold of the bunch as they witnessed the amazing change in their father’s life. Phil Robertson, was a drunken dummy lost in a world of hurt until the age of twenty-eight. The family’s life totally shifted to a great extreme documented in The Christian Chronicle (Ross Jr. 2012) when he accepted Jesus Christ into his heart. God took Phil from dummy to dynasty. The family believes and therefore, receives all that God has to offer. The show focuses on prayer, respect, and family unity. My Christian values alien with those of the Commander crew. The actions and words of the bearded boys uncover their deeply faithful souls. Hey Jack, hey, it is a fact; prayer is where it is at. Each episode ends with the family sitting around the dinner table, heads lowered in reverence, as the head of the household sends words of praise to the Lord in prayer. The Christian Chronicle stated the words ending the prayers in ‘Jesus’ name we pray ends up on the cutting-room floor every program (Ross Jr.2012.) The same practice is one traditionally taught in my own home. Call upon the Lord at any time in prayer and he will continually be there. Goodness, respecting God, others, and one’s self is a solitary action vitally associated with Christian values. The series unfolds the importance of respect among the Robertson group. The program displays respect toward elders equally when ideas and opinions differ. The thoughts of Uncle Si often differ from the main stream; however, the family always treats him with an adoring esteem. Respect is infectious; thus, respecting the Lord demands the respect of others. The men indicate a pronounced level of admiration toward the women continuously. Robertson children clearly display a pronounced level of respect toward their parents. â€Å"Duck Dynasty† accurately connects with my Christian mindset. The combination of prayer, respect, and family unity fostered by faith is the law behind the Duck Commanders family. The bunch works, plays, and prays together. The importance of family love is soaked into the spirit of each individual. The series reflects the family values of the duck crew. Family unity binds the souls of both natural and adopted members. The platform reveals the genuine relationships. Willie and Korie added to their family both through adoption and through fostering children, I agree Christian’s are responsible for delivering devoted guidance for all children in need, I believe we all should be united as a family in the good Christian fight. Redneck, Christian entertainment is enlightening and fun for everyone. The â€Å"Duck Dynasty† series closely aligns with my own Christian beliefs concerning prayer, respect, and family unity. The reality is the Robertson family is deeply devoted to the Christian faith; however, much of the religious zeal is not presented on the platform; because of, Hollywood’s unethical choices. Duck, duck, God the weekly episode is a breath of fresh-air. The hairy, hunting clan is devoted to their Christian position both on television and through guest evangelic speaking. â€Å"Duck Dynasty† is not associated with a Christian platform taking a profound stand for Christ. My values connect directly with those of the Robertson family. As a Christian, I intensely appreciate their courageous, unusual, stand. References Ross Jr., B. (2012, November). Faith, family, and ducks: Behind the scenes of â€Å"Duck Dynasty†. The Christian Chronicle.

What Drives Romeo’s Actions

What drives Romeo and his actions? Emotions can take over both your mind and your heart. For some, they tend to let their feelings get the best of them, therefore causing someone to do things because of how they feel. There are many examples for this in Romeo and Juliet but one stands out more than others, the character of Romeo. â€Å"Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo? †(Act 2, scene 2, 33), Juliet asks this question, and it might get one thinking what kind of man is Romeo and what drives him and his actions.Romeo is a very passionate teenager who is driving by his emotions. He falls instantly in love with Juliet, just by looking at her. His shows his anger when he kills Tybalt, and Paris. Finally, his emotions push him to commit suicide. Romeo falls head over heels for Juliet the moment she steps foot into the ball. Once he lays eyes on her, he forgets about his pains and only thinks of her, and how beautiful she is. â€Å"Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight ! / For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night† (Act 1, Scene 5, 52-53), Romeo claims Juliet is the perfect girl.He instantly falls in love based on her beauty. Love definitely drove his actions. Anger is also an emotion that drives Romeo, especially when he kills both Tybalt, and Paris. That late thou gavest me; for Mercutio’s soulIs but a little way above our beads, Staying for thine to keep him company. Either thou, or 1, or both, must go with him (Act 3, Scene 1, 125-128) However, even if wanting to kill Tybalt is out of anger, there is still some love, in his reasoning.Romeo truly cared about Mercutio, and when Tybalt kills him, Romeos emotions get the best of him once again. He doesn’t really think of the consequences of his actions, and killing Tybalt is a decision that was mad in a second. Emotions are definitely presents when Romeo kills himself. â€Å"Here’s to my love! O true apothecary! /they drugs are quick. Thus with a kiss I die. â €  Romeo is only thinking about his love for Juliet at this point. Not realising he has so much to live for, and that Juliet isn’t really dead.All he wants is to be with her forever. Romeo is a young man, who is driven by emotions, and most of the time that emotions is love. He is very passionate and tends to listen to his heart, and not think before he does things. Whether it’s falling instantly in love with Juliet, killing people of anger, or killing himself, Romeo always lets his emotions drive him. Sometimes it can be a good thing, but when it comes down to it he’s emotions make him do something without thinking. What Drives Romeo’s Actions What drives Romeo and his actions? Emotions can take over both your mind and your heart. For some, they tend to let their feelings get the best of them, therefore causing someone to do things because of how they feel. There are many examples for this in Romeo and Juliet but one stands out more than others, the character of Romeo. â€Å"Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo? †(Act 2, scene 2, 33), Juliet asks this question, and it might get one thinking what kind of man is Romeo and what drives him and his actions.Romeo is a very passionate teenager who is driving by his emotions. He falls instantly in love with Juliet, just by looking at her. His shows his anger when he kills Tybalt, and Paris. Finally, his emotions push him to commit suicide. Romeo falls head over heels for Juliet the moment she steps foot into the ball. Once he lays eyes on her, he forgets about his pains and only thinks of her, and how beautiful she is. â€Å"Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight ! / For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night† (Act 1, Scene 5, 52-53), Romeo claims Juliet is the perfect girl.He instantly falls in love based on her beauty. Love definitely drove his actions. Anger is also an emotion that drives Romeo, especially when he kills both Tybalt, and Paris. That late thou gavest me; for Mercutio’s soulIs but a little way above our beads, Staying for thine to keep him company. Either thou, or 1, or both, must go with him (Act 3, Scene 1, 125-128) However, even if wanting to kill Tybalt is out of anger, there is still some love, in his reasoning.Romeo truly cared about Mercutio, and when Tybalt kills him, Romeos emotions get the best of him once again. He doesn’t really think of the consequences of his actions, and killing Tybalt is a decision that was mad in a second. Emotions are definitely presents when Romeo kills himself. â€Å"Here’s to my love! O true apothecary! /they drugs are quick. Thus with a kiss I die. â €  Romeo is only thinking about his love for Juliet at this point. Not realising he has so much to live for, and that Juliet isn’t really dead.All he wants is to be with her forever. Romeo is a young man, who is driven by emotions, and most of the time that emotions is love. He is very passionate and tends to listen to his heart, and not think before he does things. Whether it’s falling instantly in love with Juliet, killing people of anger, or killing himself, Romeo always lets his emotions drive him. Sometimes it can be a good thing, but when it comes down to it he’s emotions make him do something without thinking.

An Overview Of Organic Foods Environmental Sciences Essay

Under the criterions that adopted by the U.S. Agriculture Department ( USDA ) , organic nutrients bring the significance that nutrients raised without chemicals and processed without additives. Man-made fertilisers, pesticides and antibiotics may non be used in raising organic nutrients. Besides that, usage of irradiation, biotechnology, and sewer-sludge fertiliser is besides banned. Farming patterns used before the 1900 ‘s are classed as organic. It was merely after this that added chemicals such as urea and DDT were brought into agriculture. By and large, organic nutrients included organic veggies, fruits, dairy merchandises, meat, and olive oil. Animals can be classs as organic if they are feed with organic nutrients like organic maizes and organic harvests. Based on the information of All for Natural Health, familial alteration is non allowed throughout the whole elevation procedure. Furthermore, additives and seasoning are forbiding to be added into meats. Because of these patterns, organic nutrients bring more nutrition and healthier if comparison with conventional nutrients. Some consumers believe that organic nutrients are tasty due to the agriculture and raising patterns. From a research conducted by Organic Monitor towards organic planetary market, single-digit market growing was observed for the first clip in 2009 because of the economic lag cut downing industry investing and consumer disbursement power. Organic nutrients and imbibe gross revenues expanded by approximately five per centum to 54.9 billion US dollarsA in 2009. Global grosss have increased observed each twelvemonth, except in 2009. Based on the information that collected by Willer and Kilcher ( 2009 ) , more than 140 states are now bring forthing certified organic nutrients with 32.2 million hectares of agricultural land being managed organically globally by more than 1.2 million manufacturers. The states with the largest markets are the US, Germany, and France ; the highest per capita ingestion is Denmark, Switzerland, and Austria which shown in the tabular array below:Table 1.1: The states with the highest per capita ingestion of Organic nutrients 2009Organic Foods Market in Malaysia It is undeniable that the demand for organic nutrients is on the lifting tendency in Malaysia. This lifting tendency fundamentally caused by the alterations of consumer life style as they are more concern about nutrients safety. Harmonizing to IFOAM & A ; FiBL ( 2003 ) , there are 600 hectares of land under organic direction ; with a portion of entire agricultural land of 0.01. Domestic production is mostly limited to veggies and fruit with perchance one organic domestic fowl operator in East Malaysia. Whilst turning, entire estimated norm is still statistically undistinguished ( UNEP/UNCTAD, 2006 ) . Most organic production is sold domestically with some being exported to Singapore. So far, thereA isA no dependable market statistics available. Some supermarkets such as Jusco, Carrefour, set up an organic corner to advance organic merchandises. Based on the information provided by Department of Agriculture Malaysia, Malaysia Organic Scheme ( SOM ) is a enfranchisement programme to r ecognize the husbandman who operates his farm in conformity with the standard conditions set by the national organic criterion, MS 1529:2001. An inspector from SOM will be send to transport out for farm review and the determination to attest whether a farm is organic or non is made by a enfranchisement commission consisting of members from assorted authorities sections. Once the application is successful, a logo of Organic Malaysia will be labeled on the merchandises. A merchandise with this organic logo fundamentally is more expensive comparison to others. In wide, SOM brings benefit to whole society because environmental pollution is minimized and consumers are assured that the merchandises they purchase are genuinely organic.Research BackgroundIt is a fact that the demand for organic nutrients are lifting dramatically in these few old ages. Foods safety and wellness consciousness are turning quickly in late old ages. Therefore, some consumers tend to buy organic merchandises whic h are healthier and higher quality. Under the 9th Malaysia Plan ( 2006-2010 ) that unveiled by the 5th Prime Minister of Malaysia, A Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, the authorities is aiming the organic agriculture industry to be deserving RM800 million in 5 old ages ‘ clip. The Ministry of Agriculture plans to hold 20,000 hectares under organic farming methods by twelvemonth 2010, increasing local production by 4,000 hectares per twelvemonth. Organic ingestion is expected to turn by 20 % per annum ( DoA ) . Besides this, authorities encourages little scale manufacturer endeavor into organic agriculture. Compare to conventional nutrients, organic nutrients bring a batch of advantages and organic agriculture patterns may minimise environmental pollution. Organic farming method creates organic veggies and fruit contains more 50 % vitamin, nutrition and mineral than farmed nutrients. With a chemical free agriculture method, organic nutrients may cut down nutrient toxic conditio n and forestall some diseases. Pesticides and antifungals are spray on veggies and fruits straight on commercial agriculture method and excessively much ingestion of these chemicals in long term can do malignant neoplastic disease because of it can non be to the full digest by our organic structure system. Therefore, organic nutrients are better pick to cut down the opportunity to develop malignant neoplastic disease. From environment facet, organic agriculture method takes good attention of dirt and land because it encourages the recycling of foods back into the dirt so it can really make better long term sustainability for our land resources.Problem StatementIn facts, there are many research workers making research on the facet of organic nutrients but there are non much research sing Malaysia organic nutrients market. This has triggered the involvement and avidity to analyze more about this subject. Despite authorities has mark to increase organic farming industry, but there are still some consumers do non aware about the particular properties of organic nutrients compare to conventional nutrients. Furthermore, organic market in Malaysia can be considered as little comparison to other western state such as United State and Australia. Besides than these, factors and motivations that influence families to alter their purchase attitudes from conventional nutrients to organic nutrients is besides one of the factors that triggered the involvement to analyze more about this subject.Research AimsThis research paper is conducted for the intent of: To place is at that place any relationship between 3 factors ( economic, psychological science, direction ) and purchase determination of organic nutrients among Malaysia families. To find what is the chief factor to act upon Malaysia families on buying organic nutrients. To research the relationship between demographic background ( age, instruction degree, gender and faith ) and purchase determination for organic nutrients.Research QuestionsBased on the research aim that stated in 1.4, this research will set up several inquiries: What are the relationship between 3 factors ( economic, psychological science, direction ) and purchase determination of organic nutrients among Malaysia families? What is the chief factor to act upon Malaysia families on buying organic nutrients? What is the relationship between demographic background and purchase determination for organic nutrients?Definitions of Key FootingsTable below is the list of cardinal footings with accounts of definitions that the writer will concentrate on in this survey.Table 1.2 Definitions of Key FootingsCardinal TermDefinitionBeginnings1 Organic Foods Foods produced without utilizing most conventional pesticides ; fertilisers made with man-made ingredients or sewerage sludge ; biotechnology ; or ionising radiation. U.S. Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) 2 Economic A scientific discipline which surveies human behavior as a relationship between terminals and scarce agencies which have alternate utilizations. Lionel Robbins ( 1932 ) 3 Psychology A scientific survey of human behaviour and mental procedures Feldman, ( 1990 ) 4 Management 5 Demographic A characteristic used to depict some facet of a population and that can be measured for that population, such as growing rate, age scope, income degree, and instruction background Laura Klappenbach, n.dScope of StudyIn order to increase readers ‘ involvement, this research paper is titled as multidimensional selling positions of organic nutrients. In a simpler word, this research paper is conducted to look into what are the chief factors to act upon consumer from Johor Bahru and Malacca to buy organic nutrients. Therefore, the lone dependant variable is organic nutrients purchase determination. Four independent variables had been established to mensurate this relationship. The four independent variables that have been employed in this research are economic, psychological science, direction and demographic. Survey signifier will be established and administer to aim respondents, family from Johor Bahru and Malacca province who age from 20-65 old ages old. 200 sets of questionnaires will be every bit distributed to aim respondents based on demographic background which is gender. In other words, 100 sets questionnaire will be distributed to male while the re mainder will reply by female.Significance of the StudyFirst, this research paper can be use as a mention to consumers particularly families who are sing to buy organic merchandise, this research might assist them through giving a clearer image about some elements and advantages of organic nutrients. Furthermore, this will take more pupils to take organic nutrients. Second, this survey of organic nutrients shall besides alarm organic husbandmans on some betterment needed. Through this paper, organic husbandmans will understand more about consumers ‘ consideration before they purchase. Some installations can be added to increase the production of organic nutrients. In add-on, organic husbandmans will be provided a clearer image about Malaysia organic nutrients market and organic label. Third, this paper shall give information to those organic nutrients retail merchants. Through understanding consumers ‘ outlook towards organic nutrients, organic nutrients retail merchants can pull off their merchandise from the facet of pricing, wrapping and labeling to excite gross revenues volume. In add-on, this may make more occupation chances and assist to foster better Malaysia ‘s economic system. Last, this paper can be contributed as a mention to future research worker who intends to carry on research in related field. This paper can be a guideline to assist researcher hold a clearer image and smoothen their research advancement.Organization of the ResearchIntroduction about organic nutrients and overall of this research are discuss in chapter 1. Organic nutrients market in Malaysia is defined here and follows up with research background that focuses on some information about organic nutrients. Research aims and inquiries are established in chapter 1 that discuss about aims to be step in this research. Chapter 2 is concentrate on the past literature reappraisal that are related to organic nutrients, which has been published by a big figure of research worker. The chief independent variables will be explained in this portion which consists of economic system, psychological science, direction, and demographic. A really specific account of each variable will be provided in this portion. Chapter 3 will calculate out the research methodological analysis that will be used in this research paper in order to happen out the relationship of independent variables towards purchase determination of organic nutrients. In add-on, hypothesis and theoretical model will be besides shown in this chapter. Apart from these, informations analysis method and trying design will be explained in item. Chapter 4 will continue with the analysis of the information that have been collected by utilizing Statistical Process for Social Science ( SPSS ) Version 18. Analysis of demographic background of the respondents is provided in this chapter. Chapter 5 illustrates the treatment of the hypothesis. Each of the hypotheses that established in chapter 4 will be farther explain in this chapter and follow by deductions. Furthermore, restriction of the survey and some recommendations for this research paper will be provided in this portion. Last, a simple decision will be usage to stop the full research.Chapter SummaryIn overall, chapter 1 has explained the definition and organic nutrients market. In this portion, the research worker has besides set up the research aim for this survey. In add-on, the definition of dependant variable and each independent variable has been explained in a table signifier. Last, range of survey and important of the survey besides has been explained in inside informations in this chapter.